托福写作考试题型介绍
托福写作考试题一共分为综合写作试题部分和独立写作试题部分，下面小编就为同学们介绍托福写作考试题型，大家可以根据这两大题型的特点进行备考。希望对大家的备考有所帮助。
托福写作考试题型介绍
新托福考试的写作部分两大题
包括两道试题，分别是综合写作试题部分和独立写作试题部分，两个部分需在大约50分钟的时间内完成。
综合写作试题部分：考生需要首先阅读一篇学术文章，阅读的时间是3分钟左右。然后文章隐去，这时考生需要听一段大约为1分半钟的演讲。但是考生在写作文时可以看到在放听力材料时隐去的阅读材料。考生在阅读和听录音的过程中可以做笔记来帮助答题。考生有20分钟的时间来总结听力材料中的要点，并解释这些要点与阅读材料中的要点有何关系。作文内容是根据考试所提出的问题而定的，不能由考生自由发挥。，需要考生根据自己的知识和经验陈述、解释并支持对待某一问题的某个看法。通常有效的回答应是一篇300个单词左右的作文。
独立写作试题部分：考生需30分钟的时间完成这一部分写作，与现行机考托福的写作考试或笔试托福写作考试(TWE)类似，需要考生根据自己的知识和经验陈述、解释并支持对某一问题的看法。通常有效的回答应是一篇超过300个单词的作文。考生可以自由选择材料、形式和观点等，不受题目的严格限制。本试题属于主观性题目。
托福备考之综合写作高分攻略
首先，大家要了解考试的要求。托福考试的写作部分分为综合(Integrated writing)和独立(Independentwriting)两块，这两块分别独立评分，取平均值后得到最终的分数。也就是说，这两个部分各占一半权重，因此应给予相同程度的重视。有些同学在准备输出端考试(写作或者口语)的时候，居然连评分细则都不看，仅凭自己的主观臆测和对于老师讲解的依稀记忆去打造自己的文章，考不好真的不奇怪。下面，我们就来分析一下托福考试的评分细则。
托福综合写作的满分要求是：
A response at this level successfully selects the important informationfrom the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information inrelation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response iswell organized and occasional language errors that are present do not result ininaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.
大家会发现，这里面的关键词是information和organization，也就是信息量和逻辑，至于语言，并没有提出太多的要求，用词和造句"秋裤"一些没有关系。因此，只要听力和阅读的笔记记得较全，并且能够把听力中的观点和细节表达清楚就可以。需要注意的是，这部分对词数和时间都是有要求的，官方的规定是150-225词，我的建议是180-260词，时限是20分钟。关于summary的结构，一定是四段--introduction+3对detail，不需要conclusion。总体来说，这部分得高分的一定是把听力写得很清楚的同学，事实上听力才是考察的重点，阅读是用来帮助对听力进行理解的，同学们在写听力内容的时候切不可有"这个也要写啊，没必要吧"的想法。另外，阅读的内容在写summary的时候决不可照抄。
了解了综合写作的评分细则，我们可以列出同学们需要锻炼的能力列表：
1、阅读能力
2、听力和速记能力
3、一定的改写能力
下面我们来看看应该如何复习综合写作。首先，大家要对自己的阅读和听力能力有一个认识。对自己的能力有大概认识之后，同学们一定要注意复习方法。很多同学认为自己阅读差就是因为不认识单词，所以拼命背单词;有些同学觉得自己听力差，就花大量时间练习听写。这些方法本身都对能力提高很有好处，但是大家一定要记住，实战才是锻炼能力的最好方式，所以还是希望大家多做全套的综合写作习题。这里推荐一个复习的方法，分成4个步骤：1、首先"裸做"题目，即三分钟阅读，听一遍lecture，然后20分钟写summary。写得不好没关系，接下来需要找出阅读和听力中的硬伤，所谓硬伤就是不认识的单词、不理解的词组、没看懂的句型和也认识也理解也能看懂但是听不出来的单词、词组和句型，统统摘抄到笔记本上;2、将阅读材料中的"硬伤"仔细记忆，再细细地读passage，完全读懂为止，如果没有读懂可以参看书后的翻译，接着练习记笔记，这里主要是练习笔头速度和缩写表达能力，尽量积累出定型的缩写表达以在考场上争取时间;3、将听力中的"硬伤"仔细记忆，再精听lecture，如果听不清可参看听力原文，然后练习记笔记，可多遍练习，放一遍记一遍，尽量详细而不复杂(信息量要大但是单词不要全拼符号不要复杂);4、再次仿真练习，读passage，听lecture，再写summary，然后对书后面的sampleanswer，一定做到不要遗漏听力中的信息。
托福独立写作的常见问题与应对技巧
托福独立写作题目相对而言比较多，经典文库中共计185个，但是每年ETS也会研发出新题，即使是在老题的基础做些许的改动，母题的数量也使得“将所有题目写一遍”这一任务变成mission impossible，而且即使做到了，也是一件投资回报率极低的行为，就算考试的时候出现了原题，估计也不可能回忆所有之前写的细节内容。所以针对独立写作部分的备考我们要更多的总结规律，通过总结来节省备考时间。TOEFL独立写作常见FAQ整理如下：
三选一题型如何处理
很多同学不知道三选一的文章结构应该如何处理。这里其实三选一并不复杂，只需要熟记两个注意点就可以轻松应付：一是三者都要提及;二是并没有唯一的正确结构，结构应该根据题目灵活的选择。我们来看一道例题。
Essay Topic
Which one isthe most important for teacher of high school?
1. The ability to help students plan for their future;
2. The ability to find the students who need help most and help them;
3. Teach students how to learn outside the classroom.
就这道题来讲，题型基本结构的选择有两种：三项能力都重要，但是第一项最重要;或者，第一项是重要的，而第二项和第三项是不重要的。其他的文章结构都是这两种的变体。我们拿第二种结构举例：
总论点：规划未来能力最重要(vs. 发现需要帮助的同学 &教会自学)
主体段1：学生最需要规划，而只有老师有能力提供
主体段2：发现需要帮助的能力不重要，因为学生自己会来找
主体段3：课外自学不重要，高中生没有课外时间
The ability to help student with planning their future is definitely the most important capability for high school teachers.
To begin with, high school students are in desperate need for guidance about their future, and teachers are the only competent candidate to provide it. I know this from my personal experience. When I was in high school, a great portion of my classmates’ only goal is to reach for the minimum requirement for graduation, and to be able to get an offer from a middle-ranged college in the US, as all 15-year-old boys are profoundly addicted to either computer games or love affairs. Because of our immature mind, we had no idea regarding the choice of universities, or the selection of a future career path. What made matters worse is that our high school teachers provided us with virtually zero guidance concerning our college applications, not because they lack of the intention, but simply because they know nothing about it. Consequently, the vast majority of our parents had to hire an outside agency that specializes in the college application process which costs tons of money. Later we realized that this is an utter mistake, for what they did was simply giving us the timeline of the application process, translating our personal statements and recommendation letters from Chinese into English, and finally mailing out all our materials to the US. All of these simple tasks could be performed by ourselves, and these misfortunes surely could have been avoided if we had the luck to meet more competent teachers, with the ability to warn students and their parents about the black-hearted agencies and lay out lucid plans for students’ future.
The capability to find the students who need assistance most and help them, on the other hand, is not that imperative. The reason for this is quite simple, since high school students would come to teachers voluntarily if they are in serious trouble. In other words, many times students don’t want to be bothered by a teacher who treats them like a baby-sitter. As for the “help” part, I firmly hold the faith that all teachers are already equipped with the willingness to solve student’s problem gladly, using their prehistoric powers, no matter how difficult the situation can be. So the willingness to help students should be the minimum standard to be qualified as a teacher.
Similarly, the skill to teach students how to learn outside the classroom is completely unnecessary. For one, most high school students have no time outside their classrooms at all, as all their spare time is already occupied by cram school or by extracurricular activities. Even in the rare circumstance that some students may have free time, parents could always play the part of their instructor on how to self-study.
本篇文章在结构的处理上，做到了清晰、简单。第一个主体段在证明第一项能力是非常必要的。第二、三主体段在分别证明第二、三项能力是不重要的。整个段落结构很明确。这样会更容易获得高分。大家要注意避免结构过于复杂和混乱。
如何丰富整篇文章的结构?
先说答案：另外一个大家经常会有疑惑的问题就是：我的三个主体段全部都是讲故事，好像手法太单一了，会不会被扣分?如何丰富?答案是：有可能;以及，偶尔的使用纯解释型段落。众所周知，TOEFL写作中展开手法有两种，exemplification和explanation。例证显然是二者中更简单的一个。因此，大部分同学都更倾向于使用例证。因为它更容易快速上手，并且大家可以通过举例来展开具体化的细节，从而获得高分。但注意，如果三个主体段全部是讲故事展开，未免会有语言太差的嫌疑。因此，除了例证，我们文章中最好可以稍微涉及到一些说理部分。
举例和说理分别的优势?
大家现在可以重新观察一下范文三个主体段的展开手法。三个主体段一共444字。其中第一段259字，第二段116字，第三段69字。第一段的展开手法为例证(讲故事)，第二、三段均为解释。大家明显感受到例证的优势即为能够更轻松的展开出有效并具体化的细节，或俗称“好凑字”。解释的好处为语言简练，表达效率高，文章的递进性、节奏会更紧凑。
举例和说理分别的劣势?
例证在TOEFL写作中并无太明显的劣势。解释的劣势就比较明显了。同样的一个分论点，有的同学用例证可以很轻松写到200字，而解释只能说到100字。有的同学可能有个刻板印象：讲故事的语言通常比较简单，句式单一，因此不容易得高分。注意，讲故事语言和句式也是可以复杂的;或者大家可以选择简单但地道的表达，可同样可以获得满分。
答题战略、以及举例和说理的优劣小结
因此我们以后考场上的答题战略很简单。第一段为例证段落。目的为使劲凑字，尽量直接写满200字。第二、三段可以选择简短的小故事或者解释性段落，分别写到60～100字左右。这样主体段已经达到至少320字，再加上开头结尾段，可以轻松满足350字的字数要求。
如何练好说理?
说理对语言和句式的要求要明显高于例证。因此一定要有扎实的基本功的支持才能够写出漂亮的说理段落。关于句式的练法，可以参考强化班上的句型基本构成以及句型转化练习。
如何练好例证?
例证的套路大家都很熟悉。很多同学的问题出在没思路上。比如，一道题目问说：我们的闲钱应该拿去旅游好，还是存到银行好?有同学说，存起来更好，因为可以未雨绸缪。这是一个很好的分论点，那么如何以例证的方式来展开呢?有同学说可以使用反证法：我有一个朋友Foosen，他就不存钱，后来他就死的很惨。用此例来强调存钱的必要性。大部分同学都能够想到这一步，问题会处在如何用故事来展开死的很惨，以及什么事情导致Foosen死的很惨。我们来看一篇来自万炜老师的范文：
To begin with, as a young man living in a big city, I need to start saving up from now on, because there are a lot of things in the future costing tons of money. Take my good friend Foosen for example. He is an optimistic guy who prefers to seize the day. He can spend all his salary within just two days either on luxuries or on trips. Before he was even 22, he already went around the whole Africa. Unfortunately, not everything goes according to plan. Last year during his trip to South Africa, he accidentally broke his leg and had to go through surgery. However, since he could not cover the expense, he had to call everybody to borrow money. It took so long for him to collect the money that the surgery was delayed. As a result, the recovery period for him was 2 months longer than everyone else’s. Now, this example might be a particular instance, and it is out of his expectation. Nonetheless, in today’ssociety, even the potential spending within our expectation is already quite worrying. For instance, in Beijing, if I wish to purchase a 30-squaremeter apartment, it would cost me over 3 million yuan; if I want to invite, say, 20 friends to my wedding, I would have to pay over 200,000 yuan; not to mention if I have a child and want to support his education, it would cost at least 50,000 yuan per year just for him to go to kindergarten. It aches mejust to look at these horrifying numbers. If I don’t save up for my future, there would be no future. (275 words)
故事描述了主人公Foosen，由于是乐天派并且坚持活在当下，进而展开月光、全世界各地旅游;到之后有一次意外摔断腿，需要做手术，但没有存钱，从而导致恢复期比普通人长了两个月。大部分的同学就是这些故事的“细节”想不到，或者没思路。如何解决?很简单，就是多看。因为讲故事并没有一个明显的模式或公式可以使用。According to a Personalized Education: Schooling for Tomorrow published by OECD in 2006, “Brains have the ability to generate rulesfrom examples. All that is needed, therefore, are the right examples – lotsand lots of them.”其实就是我们中学老师总的说的那句话，“量的积累产生质的飞跃。”大家想练好例证，只需要找到优秀的讲故事型范文，仿写10篇左右，自然会掌握规律。关于仿写的方法，大家可以关注我的公众号”Foosen资料库”进一步了解。
托福备考之独立写作题目练习
同不同意：Some people think that 最重要的品质 in choosing the leader of a school organization or club is 诚实.
Leaders of all kinds should have lots of qualities in order to thrive together with the team. Persistence, passion, confidence and personal charisma, to name a few. When it comes to question of whether honesty is the most important qualities of all for a leader in a student organization, I, personally, would say honesty is definitely not the most important even though it is a contributing factor for a qualified leader and there are other qualities that are more urgent than being honest.
First off, being a good listener and able to communicate well with fellow members can be more important than being honest. Only when a leader sits down and listens patiently to problems and concerns of his or her members, can he or she become an effective leader in a student organization. Also, being an effective communicator can also be equally important since it is essential to convey emotions and ideas clearly to others, and when the leader get his or her ideas across to the fellow members, it enjoys a better chance to be implemented. A leader with exceptional communication skills is very confidence and personable when they are interacting with others. Since they can grab the listeners' attention, it is very easy for them to build rapport with strangers and thus they enjoy better chance to broaden their social networks.
Additionally, it is more essential for leaders of student organizations to be compassionate about the community and set exemplars for their fellow members than just being honest. Actually, lots responsibilities of student leaders involve various volunteer programs and philanthropic activities, if leaders of students body are not committed to getting involved in charitable activities, there will be a lack of energy level and passion among his or her fellow members. To be more specific, students organizations involved in lots of volunteer activities, like collecting food, managing the inventory and distributing food to those in need. They also volunteer in homeless shelters to prepare food or even work behind the scene in the business office. If leaders are motivated to take the initiative and contribute their time and other resources to the community in the first place, chances are that his or her members would follow suit.
In all, students leaders should have more important qualities other than being honest like excellent communication skills, compassion about their community and dedication to their endeavors.
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