3种万能思路让你的雅思写作构思快得飞起来
有没有一种万能的写作思路或论据来应对所有的雅思写作题目呢?很遗憾，没有。因为雅思大作文题目包罗万象，比如环境类的题目和文化类的题目所包含的重要因素本身就有很大的不同，所以要用一种套路去应对所有的写作题目，几乎是不可能的。不过，以下分享一些适用于大多数大作文题目的万能思路或者论据，供考生们参考和在考试中紧急的情况下使用。
3种万能思路 让你的雅思写作构思快得飞起来
大多数的雅思写作主要有以下三种思想或论据可以作为大作文话题构思的突破口。
1、以人为本法
无论哪一类作文题目很大程度上都离不开人，我们在支持哪一方观点的时候都是因为那么做对人的好处更大。那么人的需求有哪些呢?身体上(健康)vs 心理上(安全，求知，自信，被尊重等);物质上(生活质量的需求离不开经济基础)vs 精神上(文化娱乐)。
举2个例子：
1)More young people in the workforce change their jobs or careers every few years. What are the reasons for this? Do the disadvantages outweigh the advantages?
其实这道题目我们完全可以从以人为本这个角度来进行构思和分析，比如年轻人为什么要换工作：1). 身体上，比如有些工作对体力要求太高(比如建筑，工程项目等)，或者要加班，熬夜等情况，换工作是因为身体吃不消;2). 从心理上讲，某些年轻人没有被单位认可，没有被客户或者领导尊重，自尊心受到打击，所以换工作;3). 物质上，换工作是为了赚更多的金钱和福利;4). 精神上(最高层面)，你可以说有些工作可以给年轻人带来精神上的满足和享受(比如一些年轻人愿意更换工作去从事一些高档的绘画，雕塑等艺术类的工作)。
2)Some people believe that time spent on television, video and computer games can be beneficial to children. Others believe this has negative effects on children. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
这道题目我们完全可以从人这个角度出发，同学们可以从身体上讲，玩电子游戏和看电视太久会对健康有伤害(视力，颈椎，肥胖等);从心理上讲，不良的节目和游戏内容会对孩子的心理发展有害(电视里的色情，暴力等)。
2、具体分类法
有的作文题目太泛，我们看完题目后可以思考为：it depends. 在一些具体情况下我支持正方;在另一些情况下我支持反方。
举2个例子：
1)People can work or study on the internet without going to school or company. Do the advantages outweigh its disadvantages?
其实这道题目就要具体看了，两边都可以写，既可以写在家里学习和工作会给人们带来很多好处，比如节约上下班交通时间，避免堵车，在家里上网工作和学习不会受到学校和公司复杂的人和事的干扰。不会受到公司和学校里面各种各样规章制度的限制和拘束。
也可以反过来讲，一直在家里学习或上班，容易造成交际能力下降，缺乏沟通能力。人会变的冷漠，不了解外界的实际情况，与社会脱节。到学校和公司去，可以融入社会，学会与人交往，培养孩子各种实际的能力让他们准备好进入成人社会。
2)Many people use distance-learning programme (study material post, TV, internet. etc) to study at home. But some people think that it cannot bring the same benefits of attending college. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
这道题目就要具体看了，你可以说数学，地理等学科适合远程教学;而市场营销，人力资源等管理学科目需要强调人际交往能力和需要小组讨论或者头脑风暴，那么他们更需要传统的课堂教学。
3、核心词汇法
有些题目中涉及的因素较多，各因素间关系复杂。这类题目似难实易，我们可以抽出题目中的核心词汇，思考他们各自的本质特点，来获得众多的思路或者论据。
举1个例子：
Some people think success of life is based on hard work and determination, but others think there are more important factors, like money and personal appearance. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
这个题目在审题和构思的时候就有点难了，因为题目中涉及的因素较多，我们要牢牢抓住它的核心词汇。这道题目有四个点都要讨论到，分别是hard work and determination和money and personal appearance。在写这道题目的时候一定要把四个核心词汇通通讲到，而且要注意，题目说生活的成功是建立在这四个基础之上的，也就是你一定要说先有了hard work and determination, 然后才会成功，比如一个人首先要学习或工作努力，才能成功。你可以举小时候学英语的例子，比如可以说人生要成功的话，需要很好的英语作为铺垫，先要每天晚上不停的背单词和语法，一天都不能偷懒，将来才能学好英语，然后才能找到好工作，获得成功的人生。这个就是先有hardworking, 然后成功。比如运动员要取得比赛或人生的成功，他需要首先有一颗坚强的决心，时时刻刻不能因为一点困难就放弃比赛和训练，这个就是先有determination, 然后成功，千万不能本末倒置。
托福写作高分的三大特性
1.统一性
一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例：
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we‘d always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country。文中出现两个irrelevant sentences，一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，这一段是讲的是Joe and I ，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences(不相关语句)而丢分，值得引起注意。再看一个例子：
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有两个irrelevant sentences，一个是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一个是My mother was a premature baby。
从上面两个例子可以看出，native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。
2.完整性
正象我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如：
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to workyou produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是 "a mind in turmoil"(心境不平静)Physical work又如何能改变这种情况?为什么它能起therapy的作用?读者得不到明确的答案。
由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100～120个词的三段式短文，每一段只有大约40个词左右，因此，要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如：
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段：
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can‘t swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming "Help"?
3.连贯性(coherence)
连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。
1) 意连
段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。
A.按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o‘clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours - it must have been close to noonthe heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was four o‘clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段从 "rose"(起床)写起，然后是吃早餐("not to miss breakfast", "closing at nine o‘clock")，然后是 "close to noon"，一直写到这一天结束("By nine")。
B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如：
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的写法是由远及近，从远处("from a distance")写起，然后"get closer"，再到("ten feet away")，最后是 "inside the pagoda"……当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。
托福写作低分问题整理
1.结构不平行 例：I was able to raise my TOEFL score by studying hard and I read lots of books. 当使用连词将一系列的单词联接起来的时候，应当使用词性相同或同一类型的短语。
2.不知所云 例：Many companies began using computers mouth.
3.段落过长，不分段，主语与动词一致问题 She are a good friend of mine that I has known for a long time. 主语和动词在数方面不一致。
4.句子别扭 We heated the soup in the microwave for too long and the shape of the container changed. 措辞过长或不清。换言之，句子显得滑稽可笑。
5.不要使用缩写 在正式的写作中不要使用缩写形式(can"t，don"t，it"s，we"ll，they"ve等等) ，而应当使用单词的完整形式 (cannot，do not，it is，we will，they have等等)。
6.关联词语重复 Since I want to go to a good school，therefore I am trying to raise my test scores. 不能在该句的主要主语和主要动词前使用连词。
7.句子不完整 Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to get into college. For example， my friend in high school. 句子没有主要主语或主要动词，因为其实它应是一个从句。这是一个非常常见的错误，修改的方法是将两个句子连接起来。
8.不要使用get When I got home， I got tired， so I got a book and got into bed. Get太不正式，意思也过于含糊，不适合用在正式的场合。应将get改为一个更加具体的单词，如become， receive， find， achieve， 等等。
9.书写难以辨认，信息不正确 I would like to study in America because all modern technology originated there. 传的信息不正确，或者让人听起来觉得可能不正确(如果确实是正确的，应当解释为什么这样，因为读者不认为是正确的)。上述例句中，all的意思是百分之百;我们不能绝对地说每一件新东西都是从美国诞生的。为保险起见，应当使用many或most.非英语单词Computers are very helpful and advantageable. 尽管看起来象个单词，其实不是，至少不是个英文单词。使用这个单词的另一种形式。
10.介词多余 I would like to discuss about something important that you mentioned about to me during yesterday. We went to downtown yesterday to buy a watch. When I first came to the US， I did not have a lot of friends in here. In class， my classmate never mentioned about her husband. 在表示这种意思时此单词不能与介词连用。这种情况常见于downtown，home，there，here等词。这些词语在英语中是副词而非名词，因而不能在它们前面添加介词。
11.跑题或不相关 There are many reasons to buy a car， preferably a nice car. 这个意思与文章的主题无关。
12.陈词滥调 It is okay for children to fail sometimes. 所表达的意思很普通 大多数人都已经知道到了，因而就没有必要再说出来。
13.标点问题 I love animals. And I like to help them. Because they are helpless. So I want to become a vet. 这是一个非常普遍的问题!许多学生在句子中使用了太多的句号，尤其是当他们用手写的时候。
14.重复冗余 Personally， I believe what the newspaper prints. 一种意思的表述不止一次，或者某个词语不必要。
15.单数/复数 Many year ago， dinosaur roamed the Earths. 单词需要从单数变为复数，或者由复数变成单数。 单数可数名词 单数可数名词不能单独使用，应该将其变为复数形式或者加上限定词(a， the， my， his， her， Gary"s， no， any， 1， 3， 50， most，等等)。
16.拼写错误，主语、动词或宾语有问题 I want to buy something for my mother that she will like it. There was a terrible accident happen yesterday. 句子的基本结构有问题， 缺少主语、动词或宾语，或者这些成分重复。
17.语气与文章不符 I was kind of mad at the guy who vociferated angry words at me. I have heard many wonderful things about such cosmopolitan cities as Paris， London， Tokyo， and Hong Kong and I would love to visit these cities to check them out. 语气与文章其他部分不相符， 可能是过于正式或者太不正式。
18.代词指代不明 If people do not speak the same language， it has a greater chance of miscommunication. I intend to complete my studies in the United States because they have good programs there. 代词所指代的指示词(介词所代替的名词)不清楚。
19.过于笼统 We should use our resources on Earth because the Earth is getting worse. 句子或它所表达的意思过于笼统，不能提供多少信息。
20.动词时态错误 Yesterday I will go to the store because tomorrow I needed some food. 动词时态不正确 检查一下是应该用现在时、过去时、将来时还是完成时等等。
21.选词不恰当 I was late getting home because I lost my way. 在这种情况下不应该使用该词 可选择更好的词语或者所使用的词语与文章的总体语气不符。
22.单词形式不当 I want to creation a great web site so that I can becoming wealth. 所使用的单词的形式不正确 检查一下应该使用该词的名词、形容词或副词形式的哪一种。
23.用词错误 Even I don‘t speak Spanish， I was able to find a bathroom in the department store. I gained a lot of pounds during vacation. 用词错误或在此种情况下该词不是最佳用词。
托福写作优秀结尾的技巧
重申立场
重申立场+总结理由
让步+重申立场
重申立场+引申扩展
引申扩展包括：
强调反对派立场会带来的后果
展望未来问题的前景
强调重要性
一、重申立场
“It is difficult for people to achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of a fulfilling personal life.”
In conclusion, given the growing demands of career on today’s professionals, a fulfilling personal life remains possible by working smarter, by setting priorities, and by making suitable career choices.
二、重申立场+总结理由
“Since science and technology are becoming more and more essential to modern society, schools should devote more time to teaching science and technology and less to teaching the arts and humanities.”
In conclusion, schools should not devote less time to the arts and humanities. These areas of study augment and enhance learning in mathematics and science, as well as helping to preserve the richness of our entire human legacy while inspiring us to further it. Moreover, disciplines within the humanities provide methods and contexts for evaluating the morality of our technology and for determining its proper direction.
三、让步+重申立场
“Job security and salary should be based on employee performance, not on years of service. Rewarding employees primarily for years of service discourages people from maintaining consistently high levels of productivity.”
In the final analysis, the statement correctly identifies job performance as the single best criterion for salary and job security. However, the statement goes too far, it ignores the fact that a cost-of-living salary increase for tenured employees not only enhances loyalty and, in the end, productivity, but also is required by fairness.
四、重申立场+引申扩展
How far should a supervisor go in criticizing the performance of a subordinate? Some highly successful managers have been known to rely on verbal abuse and intimidation. Do you think that this is an effective means of communicating expectations? If not, what alternative should a manager use in dealing with someone whose work is less than satisfactory?
In conclusion, supervisors should avoid using verbal abuse and threats. These methods degrade subordinates, and they are unlikely to produce the best results in the long run. It is more respectful, and probably more effective overall, to handle cases of substandard work performance with clear, honest and supportive feedback.
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