托福独立写作论证方法之因果论证
为了帮助大家备考托福，提高托福写作分数，下面小编给大家带来托福独立写作论证方法之因果论证，希望大家喜欢!
托福独立写作论证方法之因果论证
首先明确，在托福独立写作中怎样的论证称得上一个“好论证”呢?如果你的论证可以说服考官，那么这就是一个成功的论证。如果考官读完你的论证，觉得言之无理甚至还想反驳，那就是一个比较失败的论证，你的写作分数也就只能拿到20分左右。
如果你的论证整体符合逻辑，仅仅有一些小的论证瑕疵，那么写作分数会拿到25分左右，也就是大部分同学的目标写作分数段。这5期音频课，我会为大家讲解如何做好独立写作中的“论证”。
首先介绍独立写作中常用的论证方法：因果论证;对比论证;举例论证;数据论证;多事例论证。今天先介绍第一种论证方法：因果论证。
因果论证的逻辑关系非常直白：因为……所以……。但是很多同学都难以构建合理的因果逻辑链条。比如这道题：
Agree or disagree: Teachers should assign homework for students every day.
如果你的topic sentence是“每天布置作业可以提高学生的学习成绩”，后面的论证就是要解释这句话成立的原因。很多考生的的逻辑论证是：每天做作业有利于复习，因此考试可以取得高分。
这是一个中规中矩的论证，只能被评价为“说得通”，但是不会让考官赞同为“很有道理”。那么怎样的因果逻辑才会得到考官的青睐呢?
首先来讲一个最简单的逻辑论证套路：三段论。这是逻辑学上最简单的一个逻辑判定过程，分为大前提、小前提以及结论三部分。举个例子：
大前提：胖子都爱吃肉;
小前提：小明是个胖子;
结论：小明爱吃肉。
这就是一个三段式逻辑论证链条。这种逻辑方式成立的前提是：大前提和小前提都要在普遍认知里是基本正确的。那我们来验证一下以上的这个论证逻辑。
大前提“胖子都爱吃肉”的论断不够有说服力;小前提“小明是个胖子”是一个合理的判断;最后得出的结论“小明爱吃肉”的说服力也就不足。
以上的这个逻辑判断，在逻辑上虽然没有问题，但是在推理上是有问题的，因为大前提难以成立。这种逻辑判断在独立写作中就不是一个成功的论证。
下面回归我们最开始提出的题目：
Agree or disagree: Teachers should assign homework for students every day.
如果将论证逻辑比喻成一次旅途，那么完整的逻辑链条就是到达目的地的过程。如果在论证中没有到达目的地而是中途下车，那么这个逻辑链条就不够完善。上面的题目要如何利用三段式论证方法进行论证呢?
大前提：学生每天要学习很多科目的新知识，因此一定会有所遗忘;
小前提：每天的作业可以帮助学生复习，避免这种遗忘;
结论：做作业让学生可以更好的掌握学过的知识点，因此可以提高考试成绩。
再试一道题目:
Some people think that some lessons for young students (aged 5-8) including video games are effective ways and interesting, while other people think this way is distracting and waste time. What’s your opinion?
如果你的观点是同意“视频游戏课”很有效，首先就要对“effective”这个词进行拆解，视频游戏课对哪方面的课程学习有效。比如你认为视频游戏课对于培养孩子的学习兴趣很有效，那么这就是你要构建的因果逻辑链条的首末端。下面我们用三段论方式串起来。
大前提：孩子们对于声音、图片以及移动的形象比较感兴趣;
小前提：游戏的设计通常包含了有趣的声音、图片以及移动形象等吸引孩子们的要素;
结论：游戏对于提高孩子们的兴趣很有效。
总结一下，三段论的方式就是，先将大前提和你的论证目的建立联系，随后再将小前提和你的论证目的建立联系，这样得出的结论就比较有说服力。
托福考试作文范文:有钱就算成功吗
托福考试作文题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
托福考试作文参考分析：
不同意此观点。金钱不是衡量成功的唯一的标准，成功的定义更应该基于社会贡献。从多角度论证金钱不是万能的。
托福考试作文范文参考：
Since people's criteria for success differ, there is much debate over whether only those who make a lot of money are successful. As far as I am concerned, in today's society that stresses on individual achievement, money provides the best evaluation of one's accomplishment.
To begin with, as a standardized measurement used for comparing values, money is objective rather than subjective, so it is considered an authentic reflection of one's achievement. As different people hold different understandings of success, assessing the amount of one's earnings has become universally accepted as a rule to measure one's success. Each year, Fortune Magazine publishes a special issue to rank the top 100 most successful people throughout the world according to their yearly income, because there are no other methods to rely on.
In addition, the amount of money one makes is the consequence of one's hard work and talent. To deny the accomplishment wealth brings is equal to deny the sources from which it springs. In the past, I only believed in spiritual values and then leapt rashly to the conclusion that the best thing in life involves no money at all. It is my uncle who showed me the significance of money and changed my opinion. He told me he respected money and made it a goal to strive for in his way towards success. Because he would have to pay a price for it in terms of time, thought and energy. Gradually, I came to realize it is the mental and physical labor he devotes in the process of making money that paves his way for self-accomplishment, and thus deserves appreciation and respect.
Finally, money is the most powerful possession in one's lifetime. As everyone knows, success is the ability to do whatever one wants to and to be satisfied with oneself. There is hardly anything that can be done without a certain amount of money. Indeed, with money, one can meet his or her material demand in life, such as taking effective medicines, living in magnificent houses, eating various delicious food, and so on. Also, with money, one can do a lot of meaningful things to benefit others, such as donations to poor people. All these will not only satisfy one's need for personal fulfillment, but also add grandness to one's success.
In conclusion, money serves as a measurement of one's achievement. But we should keep in mind that only those who obtain money by hardworking and use it to benefit the society are really successful.
托福考试作文范文:孩子是否应该参加家务
托福考试作文题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
托福考试作文参考分析：
(1)同意孩子参加家务的人群认为能够让儿童理解父母;让儿童发展一些家务技能，还能够让儿童体会到成功和失败的乐趣。本文是此观点。
(2)不同意让孩子做家务的人群认为让孩子过早参与家务劳动，而不顾孩子的承受能力，可能会导致孩子的逆反心理，反倒达不到教育目的。
托福考试作文范文参考：
Should children be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so? People have different opinions. Some people think that parents can do all the household tasks without children's help, children are still too young to do house work and sometimes they even make things worse. Other people, however, argue that it is very useful for children to take part in the household work. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the second opinion.
In the first place, children may have the sense of contribution when they take part in household tasks. After a child was born, the parents are always the part that gives, such as feeding, changing clothes, and bathing the baby. Others help children because they are too young to do these tasks. When they grow up, they will gradually have the ability to do something, such as washing clothes for themselves, cleaning the room for themselves. If they are required to do what they can do, after finishing their jobs and looking at the result of their jobs, such the clean clothes and the clean room, children will have a strong sense of contribution and success, which will help them form a good personal character.
In the second place, participating the household tasks will teach children how to cooperate with other people. For instance, when doing a house cleaning, one person cannot finish it all by oneself. Different tasks should be divided among several people. For example, dad cleans the windows, mom cleans the kitchen, boys clean the floor and girls decorate the wall. Gradually, children will get to know that they need to cooperate with others to make things done better and faster.
托福考试作文范文:穿校服的弊端
托福考试作文题目：Some high schools require all students to wear school uniforms. Other high schools permit students to decide what to wear to school. Which of these two school policies do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
托福考试作文参考分析：
(1)阐述了穿校服的弊端
(2)本文观点为同意穿校服，理由是可以保证学生的平等，对塑造学生品质有好处;可以保证学生可以更加关注于学习;还能够维护学校的形象。
托福考试作文范文参考：
I hate uniforms! It makes all the students look the same. When I am trying to find my friend from a group of student, I always make mistake because I cannot tell the difference among the girls who are all wearing the same clothes. Moreover, I am always nervous about my uniforms since I may not have another one to change into. The other one is still waiting to be washed or is still wet. After P. E., you cannot identify which coat is mine, so I just take one that looks like it. I am sure the coat I am wearing now is not the one I had first. That is my life with uniforms.
Because everyone is against it, my school revoked this rule. Then, we could wear everything we want to. But new problems came up. Everyone began to buy new, brand name, expensive clothes and the campus because a big stage in no time. At last, the uniforms came back to our lives.
Undoubtedly, everyone has the freedom to choose what to wear and, of course, everyone wants to make himself/ herself good-looking. But when we are just students, study is our first important thing to do. Paying too much attention to attire can influence our study. Furthermore, we may spend too much money that is not earned by ourselves but come from our parents' hard working.
The reasons above cause more and more schools make a rule to forbid trendy dresses or make students wear uniforms. It is not a good way but an effective way to solve these problems.
If we want to get rid of uniforms forever, we must solve these problems by ourselves instead of the schools rule. We should earn school's trust by our behavior, then we can thoroughly say goodbye to uniforms!
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