GRE的ISSUE作文更具逻辑性的论证方式

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GRE的ISSUE作文更具逻辑性的论证方式

1. 对特殊词汇做前提式讨论

即对题目中某个特殊的单词进行前提式讨论，作为全文展开讨论的基础。

可以用作前提论证的素材单词往往包括：

A、带有主观感情色彩的判断词，比如Just，Correct，Effective，Reasonable等等。

在讨论这些观点词时就必须确立一个标准，进而为全文的讨论确定标准，常见的比如“对社会中大部分人有利”“对社会稳定有利”“能使资源有效分配，最低投入最高产出”等等。

B、作用、意义、任务等值得讨论的名词关键词，比如Education，Government，Law，Teacher等等。

这些词其实在间接讨论A类判断词，即“B类词干什么才是A类词(教育干什么才是对的，法律干什么才是有效的……)”，由此确定判别一个事物该做什么的标准，才能在全文中讨论题目说的此事物做的东西是否正确。

前提论证的好处是从字面出发，确定主基调，可以防止全文的发展出现价值观的自我矛盾导致的中心论点混乱，从而将文章后面的各段拉到一起。换句话说，就是我们讨论什么问题时，需要先把什么别的一个小问题说清楚。前提论证法可以有效保证后文段落的逻辑有效联系。

2. 由低到高提升论述层次

前提论证属于前提层面，后面自然有更高阶的层面，之前提到的学术、社会、个人就是这种层面层次。

其实我们写ISSUE在组织分论点无外乎就两种，一种同层面展开，一种层面升华式展开。同层面展开可以有辨证法、分领域讨论，而不同层面的升华则包括了不同的哲学层次。这二者都属于ISSUE题目要求中的“perspectives”。

而大家最喜欢用的保留式同意/反对，那个保留论点通常就是站在不同的层面上来看待问题，从而得出的不同结论。

一方面，层面升华可以使你的论证涵盖不同的逻辑深度，从而保证对问题看法的全面性，另一方面，层面升华也能使文章的整体组织层层递进，做到结构严密。

具体来说，常见的层面包括：

A、字面意义。见前提论证

B、学术层面。学习知识的有效性、合理性等等。这个层面比较浅，原因在于我们还要追问学习的目的是什么?接下来可以引出社会层面和个人层面。

C、社会层面。一个论点可能本身没什么错误，但一旦承认它的正确性，就会导致种.种不堪设想的后果，比如过分强调有的法律不公正而造成犯罪分子有自己的道理，或者过分强调社会秩序的重要性造成独裁当道民不聊生。

D、个人层面。之所以把这个放到最高层面是因为社会效应最终是作用于个人的。升华到最后往往是人类幸福、身心愉悦这种目的。个人层面的评论标准有很多，比如人本主义、弗洛伊德精神分析学说、唯物论、社会道德、先验主义等等。具体的可以查阅相关资料。

层面升华的好处是可以让文章环环相扣，步步深入，最后的论证深度恰倒好处，而结构也严密可靠。

3. 结合正反两面论证

正反论证就是说先说明了一个事物的必要性，然后说明缺乏它以后的后果。表面上看这象是废话，但其实正反论证能让你说的问题更加明白有有力，而且由于逻辑转折简单，非常好把握。对于打字速度快的同学正反论证其实十分好用。

正反论证的好处很明显，正反段相互依存，互为解释，因此两段之间的逻辑完全咬合。如果全文都以这种手法组织，结构组织就会变得的非常轻松。官方范文就是个很好的例子：说明专家的必要性后先说正“反”，再说反“反”，整个文章两头照顾，内容严谨。

在具体的操作上，正反论证往往是用反去证明正缺失(或过分)的后果，借以说明论证“正”的过程的合理性。

严格来讲对于过度的所生的“反”应该另立名词，我这里为了方便就把二者放到一起说了。因为没有正确性就没有过分的可能，这一点上过度所产生的“反”与“正”的“反”是相同的。物极必反也可以说是辩证法的一个角度，当然与层面升华后产生的反面评价是不同的。

通过以上三种逻辑论证方法，大家就可以达到ISSUE组织段落过程中的逻辑衔接完善。当然这三种组织手法都是技法层面的，真正做到融会贯通的话，还是需要具体的训练来加以练习，从而领会其中的意义。希望上文提到的这些方法大家能够有所了解，并写出更具有逻辑性的GRE写作ISSUE作文。

GRE写作满分范文1

Six?months?ago?the?region?of?Forestville?increased?the?speed?limit?for?vehicles?traveling?on?the?region's?highways?by?ten?miles?per?hour.??Since?that?change?took?effect,?the?number?of?automobile?accidents?in?that?region?has?increased?by?15?percent.??But?the?speed?limit?in?Elmsford,?a?region?neighboring?Forestville,?remained?unchanged,?and?automobile?accidents?declined?slightly?during?the?same?six-month?period.??Therefore,?if?the?citizens?of?Forestville?want?to?reduce?the?number?of?automobile?accidents?on?the?region's?highways,?they?should?campaign?to?reduce?Forestville's?speed?limit?to?what?it?was?before?the?increase.??

The?argument?gives?statistics?of?increases?in?automobile?accidents?since?the?speed?limit?increased?six?months?ago?on?the?highways?of?Forestville.??The?argument?also?gives?a?statement?of?how?the?neighboring?region?of?Forestville,?did?not?increase?or?decrease?the?speed?limit.??It?remained?unchanged?and?automobile?accidents?declined?slightly?during?the?same?six-month?period.??The?argument?may?appeal?to?those?who?have?been?effected?by?the?increase?in?accidents,?but?it?does?not?give?an?emotional?appeal?overall.??We?are?relying?on?the?authors?statistics?but?we?don't?know?where?they?came?from?and?if?they?are?reliable.?The?argument?needs?more?examples?and?illustrations?to?get?his?point?across?to?more?people.??It?is?suggested?that?the?citizens?of?Forestville?campaign?to?reduce?Forestville's?speed?limit?to?what?it?was?before?the?increase,?but?it?is?usually?hard?to?start?a?campaign.?One?person?needs?to?take?action.??If?the?author?is?a?citizen?of?Forestville,?maybe?he?should?take?the?initiative.?Comments:?

This?seriously?flawed?critique?presents?only?one?idea?relevant?to?an?analysis?of?the?argument:?"The?argument?needs?more?examples?and?illustrations?to?get?his?point?across?to?more?people."??Everything?else?in?the?essay?is?either?summarizing?the?argument,?speculating,?or?offering?advice.??The?result?is?a?response?that?is?clearly?on?topic?but?that?provides?no?analysis?of?the?line?of?reasoning?in?the?argument.??

In?addition?to?the?lack?of?analysis,?the?writing?is?weak.??The?organization?is?loose,?although?not?illogical,?and?intended?meaning?is?sometimes?unclear?(e.g.,?"but?it?does?not?give?an?emotional?appeal?overall.").??For?these?reasons,?the?response?deserves?a?score?of?2?according?to?the?scoring?guide.

GRE写作满分范文2

Six?months?ago?the?region?of?Forestville?increased?the?speed?limit?for?vehicles?traveling?on?the?region's?highways?by?ten?miles?per?hour.??Since?that?change?took?effect,?the?number?of?automobile?accidents?in?that?region?has?increased?by?15?percent.??But?the?speed?limit?in?Elmsford,?a?region?neighboring?Forestville,?remained?unchanged,?and?automobile?accidents?declined?slightly?during?the?same?six-month?period.??Therefore,?if?the?citizens?of?Forestville?want?to?reduce?the?number?of?automobile?accidents?on?the?region's?highways,?they?should?campaign?to?reduce?Forestville's?speed?limit?to?what?it?was?before?the?increase.??

When?we?compare?two?things,?we?like?to?put?them?on?the?same?background.?same?condition.??

For?the?fact?given?above,?in?the?same?time,?foundmentally,?the?two?region?have?the?same?traffic?condition,?except,?the?speedlimit?is?improved?in?one,?and?the?other?keep?the?same.?So?we?can?get?the?result?that?the?reason?of?the?difference?is?that?the?improved?speed?limit.?And?also?the?change?will?give?some?other?inconvinent?to?the?people?there.?For?example,?the?people?will?not?familiar?with?the?change,?have?some?problem?in?handle?the?speed.??

So,?what?I?think?is?that?the?citizen?should?show?the?government?the?statistic?number?of?the?difference.?Argue?with?them.?Comments:?

This?response?is?fundamentally?deficient?as?a?critique?for?two?reasons:??

--?although?the?writer?has?relied?heavily?on?the?language?of?the?topic,????it?is?clear?that?the?writer?has?no?real?control?of?language,?and?--?there?is?little?or?no?evidence?of?the?writer's?ability?to?develop?an????organized?response.?

GRE写作满分范文3

"In?our?time,?specialists?of?all?kinds?are?highly?over-rated.?We?need?more?generalists?—?people?who?can?provide?broad?perspectives."??

In?this?era?of?rapid?social?and?technological?change?leading?to?increasing?life?complexity?and?psychological?displacement,?both?positive?and?negative?effects?among?persons?in?Western?society?call?for?a?balance?in?which?there?are?both?specialists?and?generalists.??

Specialists?are?necessary?in?order?to?allow?society?as?a?whole?to?properly?and?usefully?assimilate?the?masses?of?new?information?and?knowledge?that?have?come?out?of?research?and?have?been?widely?

disseminated?through?mass?global?media.?As?the?head?of?Pharmacology?at?my?university?once?said?(and?I?paraphrase):?"I?can?only?research?what?I?do?because?there?are?so?many?who?have?come?before?me?to?whom?I?can?turn?for?basic?knowledge.?It?is?only?because?of?each?of?the?narrowly?focussed?individuals?at?each?step?that?a?full?and?true?understanding?of?the?complexities?of?life?can?be?had.?Each?person?can?only?hold?enough?knowledge?to?add?one?small?rung?to?the?ladder,?but?together?we?can?climb?to?the?moon."?This?illustrates?the?point?that?our?societies?level?of?knowledge?and?technology?is?at?a?stage?in?which?there?simply?must?be?specialists?in?order?for?our?society?to?take?advantage?of?the?information?available?to?us.?

Simply?put,?without?specialists,?our?society?would?find?itself?bogged?down?in?the?Sargasso?sea?of?information?overload.?While?it?was?fine?for?early?physicists?to?learn?and?understand?the?few?laws?and?ideas?that?existed?during?their?times,?now,?no?one?individual?can?possibly?digest?and?assimilate?all?of?the?knowledge?in?any?given?area.??

On?the?other?hand,?Over?specialization?means?narrow?focii?in?which?people?can?lose?the?larger?picture.?No?one?can?hope?to?understand?the?human?body?by?only?inspecting?one's?own?toe-nails.?What?we?learn?from?a?narrow?focus?may?be?internally?logically?coherent?but?may?be?irrelevant?or?fallacious?within?the?framework?of?a?broader?perspective.?Further,?if?we?inspect?only?our?toe-nails,?we?may?conclude?that?the?whole?body?is?hard?and?white.?Useful?conclusions?and?thus?perhaps?useful?inventions?must?come?by?sharing?among?specialists.?Simply?throwing?out?various?discoveries?means?we?have?a?pile?of?useless?discoveries,?it?is?only?when?one?can?make?with?them?a?mosaic?that?we?can?see?that?they?may?form?a?picture.??

Not?only?may?over-specialization?be?dangerous?in?terms?of?the?truth,?purity?and?cohesion?of?knowledge,?but?it?can?also?serve?to?drown?moral?or?universal?issues.?Generalists?and?only?generalists?can?see?a?broad?enough?picture?to?realize?and?introduce?to?the?world?the?problems?of?the?environment.?With?

specialization,?each?person?focusses?on?their?research?and?their?goals.?Thus,?industrialization,?expansion,?and?new?technologies?are?driven?ahead.?Meanwhile?no?individual?can?see?the?wholisitc?view?of?our?

global?existence?in?which?true?advancement?may?mean?stifling?individual?specialists?for?the?greater?good?of?all.??

Finally,?over-specialization?in?a?people's?daily?lives?and?jobs?has?meant?personal?and?psychological?compartmentalization.?People?are?forced?into?pigeon?holes?early?in?life?(at?least?by?university)?and?must?consciously?attempt?to?consume?external?forms?of?stimuli?and?information?in?order?not?to?be?lost?in?their?small?and?isolated?universe.?Not?only?does?this?make?for?narrowly?focussed?and?generally?

poorly-educated?individuals,?but?it?guarantees?a?sense?of?loss?of?community,?often?followed?by?a?feeling?of?psychological?displacement?and?personal?dissatisfaction.??

Without?generalists,?society?becomes?inward-looking?and?eventually?inefficient.?Without?a?society?that?recognizes?the?importance?of?broad-mindedness?and?fora?a?for?sharing?generalities,?individuals?become?isolated.?Thus,?while?our?form?of?society?necessitates?specialists,?generalists?are?equally?important.?

Specialists?drive?us?forward?in?a?series?of?thrusts?while?generalists?make?sure?we?are?still?on?the?jousting?field?and?know?what?the?stakes?are.

COMMENTARY?

This?outstanding?response?displays?insightful?analysis,?meticulous?development,?impressive?vocabulary?and?a?mastery?of?the?elements?of?effective?writing.?The?writer?disagrees?with?the?stated?opinions?by?arguing?that?specialists?and?generalists?are?both?vital:?specialists?prevent?us?from?becoming?"bogged?down?in?the?Sargasso?sea?of?information?overload,"?while?generalists?provide?help?to?see?"the?big?picture"?and,?unlike?specialists,?protect?our?"greater?good."??

The?essay?is?carefully?constructed?throughout,?enabling?the?reader?to?move?effortlessly?from?point?to?point?as?the?writer?examines?the?multi-faceted?implications?of?the?issue?and?provides?compelling?reasons?and?examples?to?support?the?premise?and?take?the?argument?to?an?effective?conclusion.?Although?other?"6"?responses?may?not?be?as?eloquent?as?this?essay,?they?nevertheless?all?display?the?test?taker's?ability?to?articulate?complex?ideas?effectively?and?precisely.?

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