高中英语语法;并列句与状语从句
句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。小编在这里整理了相关知识，希望能帮助到大家。
高中英语语法;并列句与状语从句
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1.Lessons can be learned to face the future __though/although__history cannot be changed.
解析：对比分析两个句子的意思可知从句表达的意思是“虽然;尽管”。句意为：虽然历史不能被改变，但是可以学习经验来面对未来。设空处引导让步状语从句，故填though/although。
2.You will never gain success __unless__you are fully devoted to your work.
解析：根据句意可知主从句间是条件关系，且对比分析两句话间“主将从现”的时态及主句中的否定词never可知用表条件的unless(if...not)。句意为：除非你完全投入到你的工作中，否则你永远无法取得成功。
3.He is a shy man，__but__he is not afraid of anything or anyone.
解析：but用来连接并列但语义对比的两个句子。句意：他是个腼腆的人，但他并不怕任何事或任何人。
4.__Once__the damage is done, it will take many years for the farmland to recover.
解析：once一旦。句意：一旦造成损害，土地要好多年才能恢复。
5.We need to get to the root of the problem__before__we can solve it.
解析：本题考查状语从句的连词。before表示“主句发生在从句之前”。句意：在我们解决问题之前，我们需要找到问题的根源。
6.__Although/Though__the job takes a significant amount of time，most students agree that the experience is worth it.
解析：although/though虽然(表示“虽然”时，不在后面使用连词but，不过有时它可与yet，still，nevertheless等副词连用)。句意：虽然那个工作要花大量的时间，但是大多数学生都觉得这次经历是值得的。
7.That's why I help brighten people's days.If you__don't__，who's to say that another person will?
解析：考查if引导的条件状语从句。在if引导的条件状语从句中，如果从句谈论的是一个有可能发生的事实及其产生的相关的结果，主句用一般将来时态，从句用一般现在时态。此句中的who's to say that another person will用的是将来时，故if引导的条件状语从句要用一般现在时。句意：这就是为什么我要使人们的日子变得鲜活起来。如果你不这样做，你说谁会这样做?
8.There is only one more day to go__before__your favorite music group play live.
解析：before意为“在……之前”。句意：离你最喜欢的乐队的现场演奏只剩下一天了。
9.If you miss this chance，it may be years __before__ you get another one.
解析：It be+时间段+before...“要过……才会……”。句意：如果你错过这次机会，可能要等很多年才会再有另一个机会。
10.It is so cold that you can't go outside__unless__fully covered in thick clothes.
解析：本题考查状语从句引导词及状语从句的省略。句意：天如此冷以至于你除非完全包裹着厚衣服，否则不能外出。unless除非。unless从句中省略主语you及系动词are。
11. It's a motto that we should never remember the benefit we have offered __nor__ forget the favor received.
解析：句意为：我们应当永远不要记挂我们所给予的好处也不要忘记我们所受的恩惠。这是一则座右铭。nor为表示否定含义的并列词，never...nor...表示“既不……也不……”。
12.Ask any Chinese which city in China is famous for ice and snow, __and__ the answer is sure to be Harbin.
解析：句意为：(如果)你问任何一个中国人中国的哪座城市因冰雪而出名，答案一定是哈尔滨。此处为“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”的结构，两个分句之间为顺承关系，故填and。
13.Stick to what you think is right, __and__ you will gain a surprising happy ending.
解析：句意为：坚持你认为正确的，你会拥有一个幸福的结局。此处为“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”的结构，两个分句之间为顺承关系，故填and。
14.—Can I lie about seeing a text message because I was too busy or lazy to respond to it?
—Receiving a text message does not necessarily mean you have to respond. Why waste a perfectly good lie __when__ the truth will serve?
解析：句意为：——当我很累或懒得去答复时，我可以撒谎说没看过短信吗?——收到短信并不一定意味着必须回复。为什么非得滥用一个精心编造的谎言而不去说实话呢?对比分析主从句谓语的动作可知是同时发生，因此用时间状语连词when表示“当……时候”。
15.Though it has been one year __since__ he came to the city, he knows every street here like the back of his hand.
解析：句意为：尽管他来这座城市仅仅一年，但是他对这儿的每条街道了如指掌。本题考查固定句型“it has been+时间段+since...”，表示“自从……已经多久了”。
16.—What did he think of the trip to Beijing last month?
—He had such a good time __when__ he visited the Great Wall.
解析：句意为：——他认为上个月的北京之行怎么样?——当他去参观长城时玩得很开心。设空处引导时间状语从句，表示“当……时候”，故填when。本题容易误用成“such...that...”结构。
17.Little __as/though__ he knew about classical music, he pretended to be an expert on it.
解析：句意为：尽管他对古典音乐了解很少，但他假装对此是名专家。分析句意及句子结构可知，设空处所在分句为让步状语从句，且否定词little位于句首，应用倒装结构，故填as或though。although也表“尽管”，但其引导的从句要用正常语序，故不填。
18.People in Dali are very friendly and honest to you __whether__ you are a foreigner or just a local.
解析：句意为：大理的人对你很诚实而友好，无论你是外地人还是当地居民。whether...or...表示“无论是……还是……”，引导让步状语从句。
19.You can smoke here __if__ you leave a window open to let the smoke out.
解析：句意为：如果你留一扇窗户使烟散发出去，你就可以在这里吸烟。根据句意可知，此处为条件状语从句，表示“如果”，故填if。
20.Just__as__ a single word can change the meaning of a sentence，a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.
解析：句意为：正如单独一个词能改变一个句子的含义一样，一个独立的句子也能改变一个段落的含义。just as意为“正如，正像”，符合句意。
英语的句子成分
主语
主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。
如：
讲述“谁” We work in a big factory.
讲述“什么” The classroom is very big.
数词作主语 Three are enough.
从句作主语 What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物.
▲ 在“There be …”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：
There are some bottles of milk in the box.
▲ 在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如：
It is very interesting toplay the game called “treat or trick”.
It took two workers aboutthree months to build the house.
谓语
谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。
如：He is very generous.
She looks very smart and cool
We have finished the job.
He can speak German.
表语
表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。
形容词作表语
You look youngerthan before. 名词作表语
Myfather is a teacher. 副词作表语
Everyone is here. 介词短语作表语
They are at the theatre.不定式作表语
My job is to teach them English. 动名词作表语
Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语
宾语
▲宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。
如：
名词作宾语 He never forgives others for their mistakes.
代词做宾语 He often helps me.
不定式作宾语 He likes to sleep in theopen air.
动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed livingin China.
从句做宾语 I believe that they can finish the work intime.
▲直接宾语和间接宾语
及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如：
We brought themsome food.
主 谓 间宾 直宾
间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。
宾补
在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.
如:
名词作宾补If you let me go, I’ll make you king.
形容词作宾补 Don’t make your hands dirty.
副词作宾补 We found Li Ming out when we arrived.
介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.
省略to的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building.
带to的不定式作宾补 The boy ordered the dog to lie down.
现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day.
过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his leg broken.
在英语中,常见的“宾语+宾语补足语”的结构有：
▲“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。
We call himJack.
They made Li Lei their monitor.
▲“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。
如：Do you think his idea wrong?
We must keep our classroom clean.
We can’t leave him alone.
▲“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。
如：Let him in/ out.
Mr. Li droveus home.
When got there, we found him out.
▲“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。
如：We found everything in good order.
We regard him as our good friend.
He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.
▲“宾语+不定式”
充当宾补的不定式有三种：
A 要求带to的不定式
B要求不带to的不定式let, make, see, hear, watch等
C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to
▲“宾语+现在分词”
现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。
I saw them playing on the playground.
I heard Mary singingin the classroom.
▲“宾语+过去分词”。
宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。
I had my bikestolen.
The teacherexplained again and again to make himself understood.
▲ 形式宾语+形容词
We found itimpossible to get there before Saturday.
▲宾语+what从句
Call me what you like. Mr. Li has made the factory what it istoday.
The mountain village is different from what it wasten years ago.
定语
▲定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。
如：
形容词作定语 The black bike is mine.
代词作定语 What’s your name?
名词作定语 They madesome paper flowers.
介词短语作定语 The boys inthe room are in Class Three, Grade One.
从句作定语 The tall boy whois standing there is Peter.
▲修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody,anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。
如：We’ll go to have something English.
If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else.
Do you have anything important totell me?
▲介词短语作定语时要后置。
如：Do you know the boy behind thetree?
The students in the room are all my friends.
I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.
▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置
What about something to drink?
I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.
▲near by,below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。
如：
We are at the topof the hill. Can you see the village below?
The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?
状语
状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。
如：
He did it carefully(程度状语)
They missed me very much.(程度状语)
Without his help, we couldn’t work itout.(条件状语)
In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.(目的状语)
When I was young, I could swim well.(时间状语)
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