英语句型、此类、句子成分详细解析
英语句型、此类、句子成分详细解析,小编在这里整理了相关知识,希望能帮助到大家。
30个英语句型和详细解释
1 as…as 和……一样
中间必须用形容词或副词原级。例如:
This classroom is as big as that one.
这间教室和那间一样大。
He runs as fast as Tom. 他和汤姆跑的一样快。
否定结构:not as/so…as,“不如……”。上面的两个句子可分别改为:
This classroom is not as/so large as that one.
这间教室不如那间大。
He doesn’t run as/so fast as Tom.
他跑得不如汤姆快。
2 as soon as 一……就……
用来引导时间状语从句。若主句是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时。例如:
I’ll tell him the plan as soon as I see him.
我一看到他就告诉他这个计划。
He’ll go home as soon as he finishes his work.
他一完成工作就回家。
3be busy/enjoy/hate/go on/finish doing sth. 忙于/喜欢/讨厌/继续/完成做某事
在enjoy, finish, hate, go on, be busy等词语后,一般用动词-ing形式作宾语。例如:
Lin Tao is busy making a model plane.
林涛正忙着做飞机模型。
My mother enjoys taking a walk after supper.
我妈妈喜欢晚饭后散步。
I hate watching Channel Five.
我讨厌看五频道。
When someone asked him to have a rest, he just went on working.
当有人让他休息一会儿时,他仍继续工作。
I have finished writing the story.
我已经写完了故事。
4fill…with 用……装满......; be filled with 充满了……;be full of 充满了......
①be filled with 说明由外界事物造成的此种状态,表示被动。例如:
The box is filled with food.
盒子里装满了食物。
②be full of说明主语处于的状态。此外,还可表示程度,意为“非常”。例如:
The patient’s room is full of flowers.
那个病人的房间摆满了花。
The young man is full of pride.
那个年轻人非常骄傲。
③这两种结构还可以相互改写。例如:
I fill the box with food. The box is full of food.
5 be good/bad for 有利于/有害于……
此句型是:be+adj.+for+n.结构。例如:
Doing morning exercises is good for your health.
做早操对你的健康有益。
Always playing computer games is bad for your study.
总玩电脑游戏对你的学习不利。
6 be used to(doing) sth. 习惯于……
后必须接名词或动名词,可用于现在、过去、将来的多种时态。be 可用get,become来代替。 例如:
He is used to life in the country.(He is used to living in the country.)
他习惯于乡村生活。
He will get used to getting up early.
他将会习惯于早起。
注意:be used to do 的意思是“被用来做……”。例如:
Wood is used to make paper.
木材被用来造纸。
7 both…and…两者都……
用来连接两个并列成分;当连接两个并列主语时,其后谓语动词用复数。例如:
Both the students and the teachers will go to the History Museum tomorrow.
不论老师还是学生明天都会去历史博物馆。
8 can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
help在此的意思是“抑制,忍住”,其后接动词-ing形式。例如:
His joke is too funny. We can’t help laughing.
他的笑话太有趣了,我们禁不止笑了起来
9 sth. costs sb. some money 某物花费某人多少钱
此句型的主语是物。cost一词带的是双宾语,它的过去式、过去分词和原型一样。
This book cost me five yuan.
这本书花了我五元钱。
10 either…or… 不是……就是……,或者……或者……
用来连接两个并列成分,当连接并列主语时,谓语动词与邻近的主语保持一致。
You may either stay here or go home.
你可以呆在这儿,也可以回家。
Either she or I am right. = Either I or she is right.
不是她对就是我对。
11 enough (for sb.) to do sth. 足够……做……
在此结构中,for用来引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
The ice isn’t thick enough for you to walk on.
这冰还没有厚到你可以在上面走的程度。
12 feel like doing sth. 想要做……
此处like为介词,后面跟动词-ing形式。此句型与would like to do sth.同义。例如:
I feel like drinking a cup of milk.
我想喝一杯牛奶。
13 feel/find/think it adj./n. to do sth. 认为某事……
在此结构中it为形式宾语,不定式短语作真正的宾语。例如:
I find it very interesting to play football.
我发现踢足球很有趣。
She thinks it her duty to help us.
她认为帮助我们是她的职责。
14 get ready for sth./ to do sth.
get ready for sth.意为“为某事做准备”;get ready to do sth.意为“准备做某事”例如:
We are getting ready for the meeting.
我们正在为会议做准备。
They were getting ready to have a sports meet at that moment.
他们那时正准备开运动会。
15 get/receive/have a letter from 收到……的来信
相当于hear from 例如:
Did you receive a letter from John?
你收到约翰的来信了吗?
I got a letter from my brother yesterday.
我昨天收到了我弟弟的一封来信。
16 had better (not) do sth. 最好(别)做某事
had better为情态动词,其后需用动词原形。had better常用缩写,变成’d better,其否定形式是在其后直接加not。例如:
We had better go now. = We’d better go now.
我们最好现在走吧。
You’d better not go out because it is windy.
今天刮风,你最好别出去了。
17 have sth. done 使(某事)完成 (动作由别人完成)
sth.为宾语,done为过去分词作补语。例如:
We had the machine repaired.
我们请人把机器修好了。
注意区分: We have repaired the machine. 我们(自己)已经修好了机器。
18 help sb. (to) do sth./with sth. 帮助某人(做)某事
其中的to可以省略。例如:
I often help my mother with housework.
我常常帮助妈妈做家务。
Would you please help me (to) look up these words?
请你帮助我查查这些词好吗?
19 How do you like……? 你认为……怎么样?
与what do you think of …?同义。 例如:
How do you like the weather in Beijing?你
认为北京的天气怎么样? 你觉得这部新电影如何?
20 I don’t think/believe that… 我认我/相信……不……
其中的not是对宾语从句进行否定而不是对主句否定(否定前移)。that可省略。例如:
I don’t think it will rain.
我认为天不会下雨。
I don’t believe the girl will come.
我相信那女孩不会来了。
21 It happens that… 碰巧……
相当于happen to do。例如:
It happened that I heard their secret.
可改写为: I happened to hear their secret.
我碰巧听到了他们的秘密。
22 It’s/has been +一段时间+since从句 自从某时起做某件事情已经一段时间了
该句型中since引导的时间状语从句常用一般过去时。例如:
It’s twenty years since he came here.
他来这里已经20年了。
It has been six years since he married Mary.
他和玛丽结婚已经六年了。
23 It is +adj./n. + for sb. to do sth. 做某事对某人来说……
It是形式主语,真正的主语是不定式to do sth。例如:
It’s not easy for us to study English well.
对我们来说学好英语并不容易。
It’s a good idea for us to travel to the south.
去南方旅行对我们来说是个好主意。
24 It’s + adj. + of sb. to do sth.
It是形式主语,to do sth.是真正的主语, 当表语(即形容词)能对逻辑主语描述时,常用介词of,而不用for。例如:
It’s very polite of you to give your seat to old people.
你给老人让座,非常有礼貌。
25 It seems/appears (to sb) that… (在某人看来)好像……
此句中的it是主语,that引导的是表语从句。例如:
It seems that he is lying. 看样子他好像是在撒谎。
It appears to me that he never smiles. 在我看来,他从来没有笑过。
26 It is +数词+metres/kilometers long/wide… ……是多少米(公里)长(宽)
用来表示物体的长(宽,高),如数词大于一,名词要用复数。例如:
It is 20 metres long from this end to that end. 从这端到那端有二十米长。
27 It’s time for sb. to do sth. 是某人干某事的时候了
it是形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式to do sth. 例如:
It’s time for the child to go to bed.
孩子该睡觉了。
比较下面两种结构:
① It’s time for + n. 例如:
It’s time for school.
②It’s time to do sth. 例如:
It’s time to go to school.
28 It takes sb. some time to do sth. 花费某人多少时间做某事
it是形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式to do sth。例如:
It takes her fifteen minutes to walk to the bus stop from here.
从这儿走着到公交车站将花费她15分钟。
It took the old man three days to finish the work.
那个老人花了三天时间完成这项工作。
29 keep (on) doing sth. 一直坚持做某事
keep doing sth.一般用于静态动词。keep on doing sth.意为“继续不停地做某事”,一般用于动态动词,但二者的区别并不是很严格,有时可以互换。例如:
Don’t keep on doing such foolish things.
不要再做这样的傻事了。
He kept sitting there all day.
他整天坐在那里。
30 keep…from doing sth. 阻止......做某事
相当于stop…from doing sth., prevent…from doing sth. 在主动句中,stop和prevent后面的from可以省略,但在被动结构中,from不可以省略。例如:
Please keep the children from swimming in the sea.
请别让孩子到海里游泳。
The big noise outside my room stopped me from doing my homework.
屋外巨大的噪音使我不能做作业
英语语法中此类句子成分和构词法解析
详解
1、词类
英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
(1)名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy,morning,bag,ball,class,
(2)代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who,she,you,it .
(3)形容词(adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good,right,white,orange .
(4)数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.
(5)动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am,is,are,have,see .
(6)副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now,very,here,often
(7)冠词(art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a,an,the.
(8)介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in,on,from,above,.
(9)连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before .
(10)感叹词(interj.):表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh,well,hi,hello.
2、句子成分
英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
(1)主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。
如:I’m Miss Green.
(2)谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。
如:Jack cleans the room.
(3)表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping。
(4)宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。
如:He can spell the word.
有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter..
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me .
(5)定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:Shanghai is a big city .
(6)状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard .
(7)宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。
如:They usually keep their classroom clean. / He often helps me do my lessons.
同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?
3、构词法
英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。
(1)合成法:如:spaceship,headache,basketball,playground等等。
(2)派生法:
1)派生名词:①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,
如:inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge
2)派生形容词:①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous
⑥Chinese;Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an
如:snowy,sunny,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,follwing,daily(每日的),nervous,delicious
3)派生副词:①形容词+ly ②其它,
如:slowly,angrily,full→fully,good→well,possible→possibly等等。
(3)转换法:
1)形容词→动词,
如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干),clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。
2)动词→名词,如:look,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talk等等。
3)名词→动词,如:hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。
4)形容词→副词,如:early→early,fast→fast等等。
5)副词→连词,如:when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。
6)介词→副词,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。
4、习惯用语
由于英语国家的语言习惯与中国的语言习惯有许多不同之处,所以造成了许多同学在做选择或书写,或与人交谈中造成误用中国方式来对英语的问句作解答。
例如一个小女孩十分好看,可爱,外国人见到时会讲:You are so beautiful,这时的答语应该是Thank you,如果外国人发现你的英语不错,他们会讲:Your English is very good,这时中国人常常会说:不,我说的不好。这纯是一种礼貌的答语,但是不符合英语习惯。它正确的答语应是Thank you。
虽然交际英语有一些规律可讲,但更重要的是学习外国的生活习惯,了解他们的文化背景,历史渊源,这样才能真正的学好一门外语。
正误辨析
【误】 - What can I do for you? - Yes, please help me.
【正】 - What can I do for you? - I'd like to buy a sweater.
【析】 What can I do for you? 这一问语实际上用于的情景很多,要根据具体情况而定。如在商店中售货员讲这句话应译为:您想要点什么?在其他场合也可以被译为:我能为您做些什么?它的答语应是直接讲出想让对方提供的帮助。
【误】 - Which colour do you like? - Sorry,I don't like.
【正】 - Which colour do you like? - I prefer blue.
【析】 由which来提问的问句是要回答具体的选择,而不能泛指,泛泛的回答。如Yes, I like it.
【误】 Do you like to come with us tonight?
【正】 Would you like to come with us tonight?
【析】 Do you like…问的是对方的习惯,如:Do you like swimming? Do you like collecting stamps? 而would you like… 则是一次性的邀请、提议。邀请的英语表达法还有如下几种:
Shall we go? 我们走吧! Let's go? 让我们走吧!
How about having a cup of tea? 喝杯茶如何?
What about a cup of coffee喝杯咖啡如何?
Why not buy it? 为什么不买呢?
其肯定答语一般为Certainly, Yes, O.K.All right, With pleasure
【误】 - Sorry, I've kept you waiting - Not at all.
【正】 - Sorry, I've kept you waiting - Never mind.
【析】 “介意不介意”这一问法与答语在中英文中有所不同。如:
- Do you mind my smoking here? - ________.
A. Yes, do it please. B. No, of course not.
C. Yes, take it please. D. No, you can't take it.
这时正确的选择应是B。其意为:不介意,当然不。而A选项则自相矛盾了,它应译为:是的我介意,请抽吧。而D选项是:不介意,你不能抽。当向对方争求意见时,可以有 以下问法:
Do you mind if I open the door?
Would you mind mailing the letter for me?
其答语如果是同意应为:Certainly not,not at all.
而不同意时应为Yes或I'm sorry.
【误】 - What's that man? - He is Mike.
【正】 - What's that man? - He is a teacher.
【正】 - Who's that man? - He is Mike(He is Mike's father)
【析】 由what提问是问的职业,由who提问问的是姓名或身份。
【误】 - How much are they? - Half a kilo, please
【正】 - How many bananas do you want?
- Half a kilo, please.
【析】 How much are they?问的是价格而不是实际物品的多少。
【误】 I'm sorry, but is this the way to the park?
【正】 Excuse me, but is this the way to the park?
【析】 I'm sorry 是对已经做错了的事向对方道歉时的开始语。而Excuse me是在打扰对方之前表达歉意的话。
【误】 - Have a good time tonight! - You are the same.
【正】 - Have a good time tonight! - The same to you.
【析】 The same to you是表达我也祝您有个愉快的夜晚,它是美语中的习惯用法。
【误】 - What's the problem? - I've got a headache.
【正】 - What's wrong with you? - I've got a headache.
【析】 What's wrong with you?是询问对方身体状态如何,而What's the problem?是问对方遇到了什么麻烦。
【误】 - Now, I'm back Can I play? - Perhaps. You'd better do your homework first.
【正】 - Now, I'm back Can I play? - I'm afraid not. You'd better do your homework first.
【析】 Perhaps是表示对一种拿不准的事态的推论,如:Am I right? Perhaps而I'm afraid not则表达一种不同意的态度。be afraid 的几种用法有:
I'm afraid that you are right.
其后直接加宾语从句。
- Will you come to my birthday party?
- I'm afraid not I have to go to see my father. He is in hospital.
其后+not,表示否定。
- Sorry, I don't want to go there alone, I'm afraid of the dog/
其后+名词,表示对某人,某物的害怕。
Mary is afraid of making mistakes in the exam.
其后+of + 动名词,表示害怕做某事。
Mary is afraid to see the teacher because she didn't do well in the exam.
其后+ 不定式,表示不敢去做某事。
【误】 - How soon will you be ready? - Two days.
【正】 - How soon will you be ready? - In two days.
【析】 此题关键是要根据情景,身临其境,要注意的是对方问了什么,就应答什么。或答了什么就应问什么。How soon问的是“还有多久才能作完”,这时要用 in two days, 即在两小时之内即可以作完。如用 How long 提问,则答语可以用two days。
【误】 - Would you mind if I have some time off?
- I don't mind
- Monday and Tuesday of next week.
【正】 - Would you mind if I have some time off?
- When exactly.
- Monday and Tuesday of next week
【析】 有的对话是复杂的,稍有不慎就有可能选错,而且英语中如选错了答案是不容易找出错来的。I don't mind是可以用来回答 Would you mind…这一提问的,但如仔细看一看则会发现我们要选用的不是陈述句而是疑问句。根据下面一句的答语来判定要用when exactly?什么时间,这样才能与下句中具体的时间相符合。
【误】 Suppose your name is Tom. The phone rings and you pick it up. The first word you say will probably be “Who are you?”
【正】 Suppose your name is Tom. The phone rings and you pick it up. The first word you say will probably be “Hello? This is Tom speaking?”
【析】 在英语学习中,习惯用法实际上在某种情况,或某种意义上讲比语法更为重要。如果只从句子的角度上去分析,它们可能都是对的。比如,当你拿起电话时,如果你想知道对方是谁,可以问“Who's that(speaking)?”但不要讲“Who are you?”如果你想先介绍一下自己可以讲“This is ×××× speaking”而不要讲“I'm ××××”也不要讲“My name is ×××××.”就语法而论,“Who are you?”“I'm ××××”“My name is ×××××”并不错,也是英语中可用的句子,但就打电话这一场合,就不宜用了。
【误】 - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?
- I don't hope so.
【正】 - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?
- I hope not.
【析】 由于初学者对实际英语口语中表达感情意愿的答语不熟悉,如在肯定答语中I think so,I hope so,I believe so是相同的,但在否定句中却常用I don't think so,但I don't believe so和I don't hope so则意为:我不信此事和我不希望此事发生。而I believe not和I hope not则为:我想可能不会发生吧!
【误】 - Is anybody there? - No, Bob and Tom have asked for leave.
【正】 - Is everybody there? - No, Bob and Tom have asked for leave.
【析】 许多学生在写作和选择答语或问句时总要语法在前,而不是习惯用语在先。所以总是要拘泥疑问句中的不定代词,用anybody。但是Is anybody there? 在英语中为:这里有人吗?而Is everybody there?为:全都到齐了吗?所以首先要考虑的是其答语。No, Bob and Tom have asked for leave.
【误】 - Your handwriting is very good! - No, my handwriting is very poor.
【正】 - Your handwriting is very good! - Thank you.
【析】 中国人遇到别人称赞,总是以谦逊为美德。但英美人则往往认为自信是美德。所以当别人夸奖你或赞美你时,就应说:Thank you。又比如中国人见面时常讲Where are you going? 或Have you had your breakfast yet?而英美人则认为你过多的干预别人的私生活了。而他们见面时往往问一些无关紧要的话,如:Hello! How are you going? (你过得怎样)Morning! 等。而good morning和How do you do则被认为是较正规的问候语,在日常生活中则十分少见。
【误】 When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say: “Excuse me, I'll go first”
【正】 When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say: “Excuse me, I have to go.”
【析】 这两句答语都是正确的,其关键不是语法,而是习惯问题。如果在这样的场合你讲I'll go first朋友们会迷惑不解,而 I have to go则表示由于外界的特殊原因而造成的你要离去,而你本人则十分不愿做此事。
【误】 - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
- I'd like to, and I'm too busy.
【正】 - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
- I'd like to, but I'm too busy
【析】 I'm too busy与I'd like to在意义上正好相反。所以要用转折连词。这里考查了对词义合乎逻辑的表达能力。所以要强调语言环境,更要强调在语言的基础上的词语辨析。
【误】 - Where's Deter?
- Deter will come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet.
【正】 - Where's Deter?
- Deter may come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet.
【析】 由于but所引出的句子可以看出Deter的来与不来是十分不确定的,所以应用may 来表达一个不肯定的事件。
【误】 - Hi, haven't seen you for ages! You look fine!
- Great, You look well too.
【正】 - Hi, haven't seen you for ages! You look fine!
- Thanks, You look well too
【析】 要注意的是Great在口语中多表示惊叹,而Thanks则表示感谢对方的称赞。所以对情景谈话要有准确的判定,要根据情景,身临其境,上下对照,周密思考,弄清场合,注意英美人的风俗习惯,注重语义上的词语辨析,并要进行大量的语言实践练习,扩大实际交际能力。
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