雅思阅读真题精选:orientatinofbirds
为了帮助大家在备考雅思的时候能够练习到更多的真题材料，下面小编给大家带来雅思阅读真题精选:orientatin of birds，望喜欢！
雅思阅读真题精选:orientatin of birds
Migration of Birds
Orientation andNavigation
A .Factors in a bird'senvironment select for the expression of migratory behavior, leading to theevolution of a migratory pattern or, on the other hand, to the loss ofmigratory abilities. Factors in the environment function to provide direct,proximal stimulation for the physiological preparation for migration. Factorsin the environment also provide information that allows birds to navigateduring migratory passage. Navigation requires knowing three things: currentlocation, destination, and the direction to travel to get from the currentlocation to the destination. Humans eventually learned to use both the sun andthe stars to obtain this information. Recently we invented more precisesatellite-based technologies that have made these celestial cues fordetermining geographic positions superfluous and developed electronic aids tonavigation that allow orientation without reference to the natural environment.Birds have successfully navigated for eons using environmental information.
B .Birds are not alone in their ability to navigatelong distances. Fish, mammals, and even insects make migratory journeys. Butthe clarion honking of geese moving in huge skeins across the vault of theheavens, the twittering of migrants filtering down out of the night sky, theflocks of newly arrived birds filling woodlands, fields, and mudflats makes usmost aware of the seasonal movements of birds and fills us with awe and wonderas to how such a magnificent event can be accomplished season after season,year after year, with such unerring precision.
C .Of the three kinds of information necessary fornavigation, we know something about the environmental cues that birds use to orienttheir migratory flight in the proper direction. On the other hand, there alsois well-supported experimental evidence that birds use neither the positions ofthe sun or the stars to know where they are or where they are to go. It hasbeen shown, however, that birds must learn both the location of the winteringarea as well as the location of the breeding area in order to navigateproperly, but we have no idea what information they are learning. Nor do weknow what cues birds use to know the location of their migratory destinationwhen they are in their wintering locale, often thousands of miles away. Therecapture of banded birds at the same places along the route of the migratoryjourney in subsequent years suggests that some species also learn the locationof traditional stop-over sites, but how they do that remains a mystery.
Vector Navigation
D.European Starlings passthrough Holland on their migration from Sweden, Finland, and northwesternRussia to their wintering grounds on the channel coast of France and thesouthern British Isles. Perdeck transported thousands of starlings from TheHague to Switzerland, releasing these banded birds in a geographic location inwhich the population had never had any previous experience. The subsequentrecapture of many of these banded birds demonstrated that the adults, which hadpreviously made the migratory flight, knew they had been displaced and returnedto their normal wintering range by flying a direction approximately ninetydegrees to their usual southwesterly course. The juveniles, which had nevermade the trip before, in contrast, continued to fly southwest and wererecaptured on the Iberian peninsula. These first-year birds "knew"what direction to fly, but did not recognize they had been displaced, thusending up in an atypical wintering range. In subsequent years these now adultbirds returned to again winter in Spain and Portugal. Coupled with anotherdisplacement of starlings to the Barcelona coast in Spain, Perdeck concludedthat the proper direction of the migratory flight was innate, that is,inherited in their DNA, since the naive juveniles could fly that direction, andthat the birds were also genetically programmed to fly a set distance. This isthe same vector or dead-reckoning navigation program Lindberg used to fly fromNew York to Paris by maintaining a given compass direction (or directions) fora predetermined time (i.e., distance). But this study demonstrated that thisnavigation system is modified by experience, since adults knew they were not inHolland any longer and knew that in order to get to their normal winteringgrounds they needed to fly a direction that they had never flown before! Theseresults are truly amazing. And we don't know how they did it.
E.Displacement studies in the Western Hemisphere usingseveral species of buntings also demonstrated that birds recognized they hadbeen moved and could fly appropriate, yet unique, routes to return to theirnormal range. Yet adult Hooded Crows transported latitudinally by over 600 km fromwintering grounds in the eastern Baltic to northwestern Germany failed torecognize this displacement. In the spring they oriented properly but migratedto Sweden, west of their normal breeding range. This species used vectornavigation, but did not know the location of its traditional destination. Sinceit is generally accepted that migratory behavior evolved independently againand again in different bird populations, a single explanation to fit all casesperhaps should not be expected.
Orientation Cues
F .Most of theeffort applied to understanding how birds make a migratory flight has beendirected toward environmental cues that birds use to maintain a particularflight direction. These cues are landmarks on the Earth's surface, the magneticlines of flux that longitudinally encircle the Earth, both the sun and thestars in the celestial sphere arching over the Earth, and perhaps prevailingwind direction and odors.
Landmarks are useful as a primarynavigation reference only if the bird has been there before. For cranes, swans,and geese that migrate in family groups, young of the year could learn thegeographic map for their migratory journey from their parents. But most birdsdo not migrate in family flocks, and on their initial flight south to thewintering range or back north in the spring must use other cues. Yet birds areaware of the landscape over which they are crossing and appear to use landmarksfor orientation purposes. Radar images of migrating birds subject to a strongcrosswind were seen to drift off course, except for flocks migrating parallelto a major river. These birds used the river as a reference to shift theirorientation and correct for drift in order to maintain the proper ground track.That major geographic features like Point Pelee jutting into Lake Erie or CapeMay at the tip of New Jersey are meccas for bird-watchers only reflects thefact that migrating birds recognize these peninsulas during their migration.Migrating hawks seeking updrafts along the north shore of Lake Superior or theridges of the Appalachians must pay attention to the terrain below them inorder to take advantage of the energetic savings afforded by these topographicstructures.
G.Since humans learned to use celestialcues, it was only natural that studies were undertaken to demonstrate thatbirds could use them as well. Soon after the end of the Second World War,Gustav Kramer showed that migratory European Starlings oriented to the azimuthof the sun when he used mirrors to shift the sun's image by ninety degrees inthe laboratory and obtained a corresponding shift in the birds' orientation.Furthermore, since the birds would maintain a constant direction even thoughthe sun traversed from east to west during the day, the compensation for thismovement demonstrated that the birds were keeping time. They knew whatorientation to the sun was appropriate at 9 a.m. They knew what different anglewas appropriate at noon, and again at 4 p.m. It has been recently shown thatmelatonin secretions from the light-sensitive pineal gland on the top of thebird's brain are involved in this response. Not only starlings but homingpigeons, penguins, waterfowl, and many species of perching birds have beenshown to use solar orientation. Even nocturnal migrants take directionalinformation from the sun. European Robins and Savannah Sparrows that wereprevented from seeing the setting sun did not orient under the stars as well asbirds that were allowed to see the sun set. Birds can detect polarized lightfrom sunlight's penetration through the atmosphere, and it has beenhypothesized that the pattern of polarized light in the evening sky is theprimary cue that provides a reference for their orientation.
Using the artificial night sky provided byplanetariums demonstrated that nocturnal migrants respond to star patterns.(quite analogous to Kramer's work on solar orientation, Franz Sauerdemonstrated that if the planetarium sky is shifted, the birds make acorresponding shift in their orientation azimuth. Steve Emlen was able to showthat the orientation was not dependent upon a single star, like Polaris, but tothe general sky pattern. As he would turn off more and more stars so that theywere no longer being projected in the planetarium, the bird's orientationbecame poorer and poorer. While the proper direction for orientation at a giventime is probably innate, Emlen was able to show that knowing the location of"north" must be learned. When young birds were raised under aplanetarium sky in which Betelgeuse, a star in Orion of the southern sky, wasprojected to the celestial north pole, the birds oriented as if Betelgeuse was"north" when they were later placed under the normally orientatednight sky, even though in reality it was south!
H.Radar studies have shown that birds domigrate above cloud decks where landmarks are not visible, under overcast skieswhere celestial cues are not visible, and even within cloud layers whereneither set of cues is available. The nomadic horsemen of the steppes of Asiaused the response of lodestones to the Earth's magnetic field to find theirway, and the hypothesis that migrating birds might do the same was suggested asearly as the middle of the nineteenth century. Yet it was not until themid-twentieth century that Merkel and Wiltschko demonstrated in a laboratoryenvironment devoid of any other cues that European Robins would change theirorientation in response to shifts in an artificial magnetic field that was asweak as the Earth's natural field. Although iron-containing magnetite crystalsare associated with the nervous system in homing pigeons, Northern Bobwhite,and several species of perching birds, it is unknown whether they areassociated with the sensory receptor for the geomagnetic cue. An alternatehypothesis for the sensory receptor suggests that response of visual pigmentsin the eye to electromagnetic energy is the basis for geomagnetic orientation.It has been shown, however, that previous exposure to celestial orientationcues enhances the ability of a bird to respond more appropriately when onlygeomagnetic cues are available.
Radar observations indicate that birdswill decrease their air speed when their ground speed is augmented by a strongtail wind. We also know that birds can sense wind direction as gusts rufflingthe feathers stimulate sensory receptors located in the skin around the base ofthe feather. Since there are characteristic patterns of wind circulation aroundhigh and low pressure centers at the altitude most birds migrate, it has beenhypothesized that birds could use these prevailing wind directions as anorientation cue. However, there presently is no experimental support for thishypothesis.
I.The sense of smell in birds wasconsidered for a long time to be poorly developed, but more recent evidencesuggests that some species can discriminate odors quite well. If the olfactorynerves of homing pigeons are cut, the birds do not return to their home loft aswell as birds whose olfactory nerves were left intact. A similar experiment hasdemonstrated that European Starlings with severed olfactory nerves returnedless often than unaffected control birds even at distances as great as 240 kmfrom their home roosts. And even more interesting, when these starlingsreturned to the nesting area the following spring, the starlings withnonfunctioning olfactory nerves returned at a significantly lower frequencythan the other starlings.
J.Considering the array of demonstratedand suggested cues that birds might use in their orientation, it is clear thatthey rely upon a suite of cues rather than a single cue. For a migrating birdthis redundancy is critical, since not all sources of orientation informationare equally available at a given time, nor are all sources of informationequally useful in a given situation.
Questions 1—8
The passage on the previous pages has eight sections labeled A-J
Which section mentions the following?
Write the correct letter A-Jin boxes1—8 on your answersheet.
1. The possible conclusion for migrating birds.
2. A description of olfactory nerves about birds’sdistance.
3. A description of Latitude about several species.
4. Insights from studies how young birds finddirection.
5. The ways birds can use for navigation.
6. Classes of animals for migratory movements.
7. The elements that birds have to navigation.
8. The birds use different cues to cope with weather.
Questions 9—11
Choose THREE letters A-F
Write your answers in boxes 9—11 on your answer sheet.
The list below gives some ways of regarding navigation.
Which THREE ways are mentioned by the writer of the text?
A. a exercise for young adult activity
B. Latitude for wintering ground
C. Physical surrounding
D. Weather cues
E. Satellite-based technologies
F. Places destination when they are in winter
Questions 12—14
Do the following statements agree with the information given in thepassage?
In boxes 12—14 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE ifthe statement agrees with the information
FALSE ifthe statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if thereis no information on this
12. Birds’ migratory flight is affected by using natural environment.
13. Fish, mammals and insects are not in their ability to makemigratory journeys.
14. Birds use cues to find their destination thousands of miles away.
雅思阅读需要特别注意的问题有哪些
总述篇：
雅思考试里的阅读部分答题时间1个小时，要求完成3篇文章共40个题目的解答，总计约3000词。其文章内容广泛，涉及动物学、人类学、管理、自然环境、医疗卫生等十个学科， 题目类型包括Headings 、true/false/not given、Short-answer questions、Summary 、Multiple Choice;Matching 、Sentence Completion、diagram/flowchart/table completion 等10种。除了平时刻苦做题外，考试当天还需要留意哪些注意事项呢?现在就从应考和心理两个方面简单谈一谈。
技巧篇：
一、 发挥笔的作用：
雅思考试与托福不同，仍旧是传统的笔纸答题方式，更符合中国考生的阅读习惯。在阅读考试过程中，考生最好笔不离手，做好各种标记。在读文章时，记号可以起到突出重要内容，加深记忆的作用。
当需要在文章定位一些非特殊印刷体的关键词时，笔可以指引读者的视线，一方面可以加快阅读速度，同时又可以防止漏掉文中的重要信息。解题时用笔可以加快速度，比如，考生在审题时圈出关键词，就可以果断定位原文，同样，用笔还可以排除无关选项，进一步缩小范围提高正确率。
二、 正确填涂答题卡
和听力部分不同，阅读考试是没有留出时间让考生将答案抄誊到答题卡上。所以，各位烤鸭一定要将答案直接写在答题卡上，以免浪费时间。各位烤鸭可以做1道，涂1道。也可以在做完整篇文章后，将答案一起抄誊。最怕的是四十个答案全部写在了卷子上而没有时间誊，一旦考试时间截止，你的这次考试阅读成绩就是零，因为雅思根本不批改你的试卷而只以答题卡上的答案来计分。
不过注意一定要对应题号，千万不要张冠李戴。需要提醒的是，true/false/not given这样的题目，写答案的时候尽量写完整的单词，如true,最好不要用T来代替。
另外，答题卡上千万不能留空。雅思阅读的评分标准是答错题不倒扣分，所以，即使不确定答案交卷前也一定要蒙一个答案，尤其是有选项的题目。MBA的考试中有句名言，题目做不出来是个人技术问题，没人怪你;不会做空在那里不填，是情商问题!
三、 先易后难把题挑
从节省时间的角度来说，考生最好遵循由易到难的原则。3篇文章里，选择你最熟悉的内容、学科开始做起。人们对于自己熟悉的内容总会有着天生的亲切和轻松，更容易正常发挥。同1篇文章里，题目也要先易后难。
通常来讲，填空类别的题目通常最简单，如：table/chart/diagram, summary, sentence completion, short answer questions等，可以先做。选择类的通常都较难，例如：T/F/NG, List of headings, Which paragraph contains the following information等，可以放到后面做。因为这些题目绝大多数是细节型考题。在做完类似headings 这样的题型后，考生对于文章的结构和大一都有比较清晰地了解，在这个基础上再完成细节题定位会更加准确，节约时间且提高正确率。
雅思阅读必知的高频关系词
雅思阅读高频关系词1.表转折：
but, however, yet, in fact, on the other hand;
A, but B: 否定A而肯定B，则A，B两部分内容是相反的。
例如：Computerized data storage and electronic mail were to have heralded the paper less office. But, contrary to expectations, paper consumption throughout the world shows no sign of abating .
解释：paper less 表示负向，则but后no sign of abating 表示正向，所以abating是表示负向的词。
总结：此种方法有利于在不认识单词的前提下读懂句子意思，很有帮助，但一定要练习，而且要敏感。
练习：The marginal costs of generating electricity from nuclear energy may be tiny, but , as the technology now stands, huge and uncertain costs are involved in building the power stations, dealing with spent fuel, and decommissioning.
雅思阅读高频关系词2.表让步：
(1)although：although A, B:尽管有A，B还是出现了(A，B互不影响)若A是正，那B就是负的。
例如：Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic and industrial miracle, without adequate supplies of food, Lampe says, chaos could easily result in many countries.
解释：miracle奇迹，表正向,则but后的chaos是一个表负向的词。
(2)while：五个含义：
A. although：虽然，尽管
B. as long as：只要
C. whereas, but：表转折
D.when：当。。。的时候
E. n. 表一段时间
例如：While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given greater quality of food, especially if regular eggs are desired.
解释：原文在本段之前讲鸭子的好，在本段之后讲它的不好。
(3)Albeit：尽管，虽然
例如：Albeit true but not now.
雅思阅读高频关系词3.表并列：A and B
A...and B...
(1) 并列双方性质相同;
(2) 当A、B都比较复杂时，应该从最后一项找起，根据B的形式到前文找到A
例如：The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.
解释：此句话中共有四个and ,第一个and 并列of 结构，第二个and 并列fumes和toxic,第三个and并列taxicabs, lorries 和buses, 第四个and并列full of …, torn by… 和thronged…
雅思阅读高频关系词4.表递进：没有转折的意思，后项承接上文。
A furthermore B
A moreover B
A besides B
A为正向，B 仍为正向。
雅思阅读高频关系词5.表顺序或过程：
(1) first, then, next, later on, finally
(2) 1st, 2nd, 3rd…
(3) in the first place, in the second place…
(4) before…, after…
(5) once, until, as soon as,…
雅思阅读高频关系词6.特殊的关键词：人名，地名，时间，数字，生词(这是最好的定位标准，多以A---A形式重现)
雅思阅读高频关系词7.比较级：类比
对比
(1) as…as, like 类比
(2) more…than, unlike 对比
(3) 不同的时间导致强的对比关系
例如：一段讲1840年,…
1919年.。。
二段讲2003年出现了A++(生词)…
问题是，2003年人们有了A++, 1840年的时候人们没有什么?
(4) 不同的地点导致强对比关系
例如：In Australia, only,….
In Asia, many, A(生词)
问题是，Australia缺什么?
雅思阅读高频关系词8.例如：A for example = ：=—— B
A是理论，B是解释
雅思阅读高频关系词9.因果关系：
(1) 大因果关系/分句间因果关系(即：原因、结果是两句话)
because, in that, as, since, for, so(that), therefore, thus, hence, as a result
(2) 小因果关系/句内因果关系(在一句话中，通过v.来表达)
例如：Increased air temperature brought about higher sea levels.
Cause, lead to, result in/ from, contribute to, pose, help, create, affect, influence, attribute to.
Attribute A to B, 把A归因于B (因为B所以A)
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