商务合同英译应注意的问题(3)
三、慎重处理合同的关键细目
实践证明，英译合同中容易出现差错的地方，一般来说，不是大的陈述性条款。而恰恰是一些关键的细目.比如：金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错，在英译合同时，常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。
3.1 限定责任
众所周知，合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围，常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。
3.1.1 and/or
常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容，这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。
例 9：如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。
The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo7 on buard.
3.1.2 by and between
常用 by and between 强调合同是由“双方”签订的，因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋于的责任。
例 10：买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。
This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated8 below.
3.2 限定时间
英译与时间有关的文字，都应非常严格慎重地处理，因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时，常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。
3.2.1 双介词
用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。
例 11;自 9 月 2O 日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
Party Ashall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.
例 12：我公司的条件是，3 个月内，即不得晚于 5 月 1 日，支付现金。
Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.
3.2.2 not(no)later than
用“not (no) later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。
例 13：本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于 12 月 15 日，你方须将货物装船。
Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December 15.
3.2.3 include 的相应形式
常用 include 的相应形式：inclusive、including 和 included，来限定含当日在内的时间。
例 14：本证在北京议付，有效期至 1 月 1 日。
This credit expires till January 1(inclusive) for negotiation9 in Beijing. (or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 如果不包括 1 月 1 日在内，英译为 till and not including January 1。
3.3 限定金
为避免金额数量的差漏、伪造或涂改，英译时常用以下措施严格把关。
3.3.1.大写文字重复金额
英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”，意为“大写”;在最后加上“ONLY”.意思为“整”。必须注意：小写与大写的金额数量要一致。
例 16：聘方须每月付给受聘方美元 500 元整。
Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).
3.3.2. 正确使用货币符号
英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“￡”不仅代表“英镑”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币。
必须注意：当金额用数字书写时，金额数字必须紧靠货币符号，例如：Can 1,568，不能写成：Can $ 891,568。另外，翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点 (.) 还是分节号 (,)，因为这两个符号极易引起笔误，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪设想的。
扩展：商务合同写作七个句型
policy.Secondly,there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy .Further-more,the birth rate has been put under control.
2.My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows.In the first place,… Secondly,…Finally…
(提出建议)我对解决这个问题的建议如下。首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次，有些濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后，对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。
My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows .To begin with,it is urgent to create nature reserves. Secondly,certain rare wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected,fed and reproduced artificially.Finally ,those who hunt them must be punished severely1.
3.Different people have different opinions on this question.Some people believe that … Others problem \matter \argue that… Still others assert that…
(论述不同看法)人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败，有人能够经得起考验，从失败中汲取教训，并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而，另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。
People differ in their attitudes towards failure.Faced with it ,some of them can stand up to it .draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill2 what they are determined3 to do.Others,however,lose heart and give in.
4.It is important (nessary, urgent, difficult, easy, expensive, desirable, abvisable, convenient, comfortable)for sb. to do sth.
(发表意见)人们希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、电影院和其他公用设施来满足人民日益增长的需求。
It is desirable to build more hospitals,shopping centres,recreation centres,cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.
5.As a popular saying goes “Everything has two sides.”
(分析利弊)常言道：“事物总是一分为二的”。如今人们从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另一方面，科技进步也给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家的人民饱尝公害之苦。
As a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides.” Now people (the public)are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological4 inventions. On the other hand,the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. People in many countries are suffering from public hazards.
6.For example, …
(举例阐述)For instance, …Let"s take …for examlpe.就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气，而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外，汽车造成许多交通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。
Let"s take cars for example.They not only pollute the air in cities,but make them crowed.Furthermore,they cause a lot of traffic accidents. (…, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents.) The noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.
7.It is generally believed that …accepted
(引证观点)人们普遍认为，在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善的使死亡率下降了。
It is generally believed (=thought) that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed coutries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.
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