英语的优美文摘
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神奇的发光色彩?
A Magical Glow?
神奇的发光色彩?
Have you ever wondered why fluorescent colors, like you see in highlighters or clothing dyes, for instance, seem so much brighter than other colors?
你想知道为什么荧光色，譬如你从荧光笔或服装染料上看到的颜色，似乎比别的颜色更鲜亮吗?
It’s because they seem to reflect more light than they receive! It may sound like a magic trick, but it makes sense if you think about the fact that the light you can see is only a small section of the larger spectrum of energy all around you.
原因是这些颜色反射的光线比吸收的光线要多。这可能听起来像个魔术，但是如果你想到这样一个事实，即可见光只是你周围更大光谱能量中的一小部分，那这就合理了。
Regular, non-fluorescent colors appear to our eyes when objects absorb some wavelengths of light, and reflect others. For example, a yellow pencil looks yellow because its paint reflects the wavelength of yellow light, and absorbs the other wavelengths. Fluorescent colors also reflect or absorb colors in the visible spectrum, but that extra glow in fluorescent colors comes from energy we humans don’t see, ultraviolet light.
当物体吸收一些波段的光并反射其他光，我们就能看见一般的非荧光色。例如，黄色彩笔之所以看起来是黄色是因为该种颜料反射黄色光波，并且吸收其他波段的光。荧光色也反射或吸收了光谱中的可见光，但是荧光色额外的光来自于人眼看不到的能量，紫外光。
Ultraviolet light, or UV, is just beyond visible violet in the spectrum. Its wavelength is too short to be visible to the naked eye, but you see it working when fluorescent colors glow! Regular dyes just absorb UV along with all the other wavelengths they don’t reflect, so you don’t see any evidence of it.
紫外光，或称作UV，频率恰好在可见紫光之外。紫外光的波长太短以至于无法用肉眼看到，但是荧光色发光的时候你就能看到它起的效果!一般的染料只是吸收紫外光和所有其他不反射的光，所以你看不到紫外光的存在。
But, fluorescent dyes contain substances that respond to UV. Some of the molecules in these fluorescent dyes are excited by UV energy, and afterwards, as the energy level within these molecules decreases, they release part of that extra energy as visible light.
但是，荧光染料含有对UV起反应的物质。这些荧光染料中的一些分子被UV的能量激活，然后随着这些分子的能量水平降低，它们就会以可见光的形式释放出一部分额外的能量。
So fluorescent dyes turn invisible energy into visible light, and that’s how the magic trick works! They don’t reflect more energy than they receive, but they do reflect more visible light, converted from parts of the spectrum we can’t see.
所以荧光染料把不可见的能量转换成了可见光，这就是魔术的奥妙所在!不是它们反射出的能量比接收的多，而是反射出了更多的可见光，这些多出来的可见光是从我们看不到的波段转换来的。
什么是条件反射?
What Are Reflexes?
什么是条件反射?
If you’ve ever blinked at a sudden light, jerked your hand away from something hot, or jumped at a loud noise, then you know that these are not actions we consciously plan. Rather, they happen involuntarily.
如果你曾因为突如其来的灯光眨眼，碰到烫的东西立刻把手缩回来，或是听到很响的声音吓了一跳，你会发现这些动作并非我们有意识地计划过的，而是不由自主发生的。
Such sudden, unconscious movements are a kind of simple neural activity known as a reflex.
这些突然、无意识的动作是一种简单的神经活动，我们称之为条件反射。
A deliberate action, such as raising a spoon to the mouth, involves consciousness. We decide to raise the spoon, then we do it. Most reflexes, however, do not involve the brain; they are fast, involuntary responses that travel over what is known as a reflex arc. A reflex arc consists of a stimulus, for example extreme heat, which creates an impulse that travels along sensory nerves and neurons to the spinal cord.
有意的行为总是包含着意识的参与，比如要把一个勺子送到嘴边，我们先决定拿起勺子，然后再做这个动作。但大部分的条件反射都与大脑无关，它们是快速、无意 识的反应，这种反应沿着我们所熟知的反射弧传递。反射弧包括某种刺激，比如人在极高的温度下会产生一种神经冲动，这种神经冲动会沿着感觉神经和神经元传 递，最后到达脊髓。
Once it reaches the spinal cord, the impulse is routed speedily back to the muscle originally stimulated. This process occurs almost instantaneously, before we’ve even had time to consciously register that the reflex has happened.
一旦到达脊髓，神经冲动便会迅速沿原路返回至最初受到刺激的肌肉。整个过程几乎是在瞬间完成的，甚至在我们有时间意识到之前，条件反射就已经发生了。
Although a reflex is automatic, it can change over time, depending on the regularity of the stimulus. If a stimulus is repeated continuously, the reflex first undergoes sensitization, meaning that it increases in response.
虽然条件反射是自发形成的，但它会随着时间发生变化，这要取决于刺激发生的频率。如果某种刺激不断地重复，条件反射最开始会对这种刺激变得敏感，换句话说，条件反射的反应次数会增加。
But if the stimulus is repeated beyond a certain point, the reflex begins to decrease until it disappears. In other words, you can tame a reflex by, for instance, hearing a sudden loud noise repeatedly until you stop jumping.
但如果这种刺激超过了某个临界点时，条件反射次数就会开始减少直至消失。换句话说，条件反射是可以克服的，比如，反复听突如其来的巨响，直到你不会被吓一跳为止。
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