双语阅读：这些关于性别的表达你真的知道么

　　摘要：她一头棕色长卷发，性感动人，令(美国)时尚杂志《名利场》7月的封面变得熠熠夺目;她就是今年65岁的凯特琳•詹纳，原名布鲁斯•詹纳，美国前奥运冠军、电视名人;他还是美国真人秀(《与卡戴珊姐妹同行》)明星金•卡戴珊的继父，不过现在应该称为“继母”。 自今年4月完成变性手术后，这是她首次以女性的身份参与拍摄工作。

　　A gorgeous woman with long wavy brown hair gracesthe cover of the forthcoming July issue of glossymagazine Vanity Fair. Meet Caitlyn Jenner, 65, a USOlympic athlete and TV personality formerly knownas Bruce Jenner. Jenner, US reality television starKim Kardashian’s stepmother and former stepfather,is one of the stars in reality TV show Keeping UpWith the Kardashians. But this was the first time shehas been photographed as a woman since she cameout as transgender in April.

　　Jenner’s coming-out is a big moment in US pop culture history. As Western countries like theUS have become more socially liberal, transgender people have become less marginalized. Sohow can you talk about transgender people and related issues without being offensive?GLAAD, a US organization aiming to improve representation of those who identify as LGBT(lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender) in the media, offers guidelines.

　　她一头棕色长卷发，性感动人，令(美国)时尚杂志《名利场》7月的封面变得熠熠夺目;她就是今年65岁的凯特琳•詹纳，原名布鲁斯•詹纳，美国前奥运冠军、电视名人;他还是美国真人秀(《与卡戴珊姐妹同行》)明星金•卡戴珊的继父，不过现在应该称为“继母”。 自今年4月完成变性手术后，这是她首次以女性的身份参与拍摄工作。

　　詹纳的出现是美国流行文化史上的一个重要时刻。随着美国等西方国家社会自由度的不断提高，跨性别者(变性人)越来越少受到排斥。当谈论到跨性别者或与其相关的话题时，如何表达才能不冒犯到他人?美国一家致力于为LGBT(同性恋、双性恋与跨性别者)人群发声的组织GLAAD给出了如下建议：

　　Basic concepts

　　基本概念

　　Gender Identity

　　性别认同

　　One’s deeply held sense of one’s gender. For transgender people, their own gender identitydoes not match their sex. Most people have a gender identity of male or female. For somepeople, gender identity does not fit neatly into these two choices.

　　性别认同指每个人对自己性别根深蒂固的认识。跨性别者即自我性别认同与生理性别不匹配。大部分人的性别认同不是男性就是女性，但也有一些人对自己的性别认同超出了男女的范围。

　　Gender Expression

　　性别表达

　　External manifestations of gender expressed through one’s name, pronouns, clothing, haircut,behavior, voice, or body characteristics. Society identifies these cues as masculine andfeminine. Typically, transgender people seek to make their gender expression align with theirgender identity, rather than the sex they were born as.

　　外在的性别表达包括：姓名、称呼、穿着、发型、行为举止、声音以及身体特征。而社会(性别)身份则分为男性化或女性化。而跨性别者则力图让性别表达与性别认同，而非生理性别相一致。

　　Sexual Orientation

　　性取向

　　Describes a person’s enduring physical and romantic attraction to another person. Genderidentity and sexual orientation are not the same. Transgender people may be straight,lesbian, gay, or bisexual. For example, a person who transits from male to female and isattracted solely to men would identify as a straight woman.

　　性取向指一个人在情感与生理上对他人的持久的吸引。性取向与性别认同并不完全相同。跨性别者可能是异性恋、同性恋或双性恋。比如，一个人从男性变为女性，但依旧对男性情有独钟，那么她就是女性异性恋者。

　　Transgender

　　跨性别者

　　An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from whatis typically associated with the sex they were born as. Some undergo medical procedures orsurgery to change their bodies. But not all transgender people can or will take those steps,and a transgender identity is not dependent upon medical procedures.

　　跨性别者是对性别认同与性别表达中至少有一项与天生生理性别不一致人群的统称。有些人通过药物或手术治疗改变生理性别，但并非所有的跨性别者都能够或愿意接受这一改变。同时，跨性别认同并不取决于是否接受变性治疗。

　　Transgender man

　　变性人(女变男)

　　People who are born female but identify and live as a man may use this term to describethemselves. They may shorten it to “trans man”. Some may also use FTM, an abbreviation forfemale-to-male. Some may prefer to simply be called men, without any modifier. It is best toask which term an individual prefers. The term’s exact opposite is “transgender woman” or“trans woman”. But take note that transgender women are not cross-dressers or drag queens.Drag queens are men, typically gay men, who dress like women for the purpose ofentertainment. Do not use the word “transvestite” at all, unless someone specifically self-identifies that way.

　　变性人(女变男)指生为女性，但性别认同为男性，并以男性身份生活的人们，英文也可缩写为“transman”，或FTM(女变男)。有些人更希望人们直接称呼他们“男人”，不加任何修饰语。当然，称呼前最好询问一下他们的个人偏好。与这个词相对的则是“(男变女)变性人”，英文简称“trans woman”。不过，一定要注意将他们和“异装者”或“变装皇后”区别开。后者指为了娱乐效果，扮女装的男性(尤其是男同性恋者)。同时，也要避免使用“异装癖”这个词，除非被称呼者本人也如此认为。