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狗狗为何有灵敏的嗅觉
What Makes Dogs Such Great Sniffers?
是什么让狗狗拥有极好的嗅觉呢?
Watch a dog greeting the world with its nose, or following invisible trails of scent, and you might wonder what you’re missing. In one study, dogs were able to smell a particular test scent a thousand times better than humans! What makes dogs such stupendous sniffers?
当看到一条狗用鼻子问候，或它正追寻着无形的味道时，或许想自己是不是丢了什么东西。一项研究发现，在闻某种特殊的气味时，狗的嗅觉要比人类强上千倍。到底是什么使得狗成为惊人的嗅探器呢?
Smell Receptors
嗅觉接受器
Like humans, dogs have special smell receptor cells lining their noses. But dogs have about 20 times more of these cells than we do–and the differences don’t stop there!
像人类一样，狗在鼻子旁边有着特别的嗅觉接受器细胞。但狗拥有的嗅觉细胞是我们人类的20多倍，且差别不止这些。
From the receptor cells, information about smell travels along nerves to the olfactory bulbs, the parts of the brain where information about smell is processed. Relative to the size of its brain, a dog’s olfactory bulbs are much bigger than most other animals. If the animal kingdom held a sniffing Olympics, dogs and rats would probably battle for the gold, leaving the rest of us in the dust.
嗅觉信息从这些接收器细胞沿着神经被运输到嗅球，大脑中关于气味的信息在此处理。与动物的大脑尺寸相关，狗的嗅球比大多数其他动物要大的多。如果动物王国举行一场嗅觉奥林匹克赛的话，狗和老鼠很可能为冠军而战，其它动物就望尘莫及了。
Tongue Transportation
舌头传输
Another advantage dogs have is that the schnoz isn’t the only tool they use for smelling. When a dog licks your hand, or something less savory found in the street, its tongue transports molecules from that surface into its mouth. Just above the roof of the dog’s mouth is the vomeronasal organ, which gathers information on smell from the molecules the tongue delivers. Humans have vomeronasal organs, too, but compared to dogs, ours are very rudimentary.
狗的优势不仅在于它的鼻子。当一条狗添你的手，或添地上的一些不怎么好吃的东西时，它的舌头将水分子传输到它的嘴里。在狗嘴正上方的犁鼻器可用来收集关于舌头传过来的水分子的气味。人类也有犁鼻器，但与狗相比，我们的还处于初级阶段。
Although all dogs are stupendous sniffers, dogs bred for tracking such as beagles and bloodhounds are true professionals. There are also variations in individual dogs’ talents, and the dog’s diet and the type of scent all affect how well a dog can smell.
尽管所有的狗都是极好的嗅探器,在狗跟踪方面，如米格鲁猎犬和警犬是真正的专业人士。不同的狗也有不同的才能，狗的饮食和气味的类型会影响狗的嗅觉。
老式冰淇淋机
Old Fashioned Ice Cream Makers
老式冰淇淋机
Have you ever seen an old-fashioned ice cream maker? Nestled inside the wooden bucket, there’s a metal canister with a hand crank on top. Cranking the handle scrapes the sweet, creamy mixture from the sides of the metal canister, which sits in a bath of ice water and salt. But what does salt have to do with freezing?
你是否见过冰淇淋机?这种冰淇淋机带有木桶，而木桶内安装了一个顶上带手摇曲柄的金属罐。摇动手柄将糖和奶油的混合物从泡在冰盐水中的金属罐的一边挤出来。但是盐在冰冻过程中有什么作用?
Why not just use plain ice water?
为什么不是只使用淡冰水?
The bath of salty ice water freezes ice cream faster than plain ice water could. And speedy freezing does more than minimize the cranking time on a hot summer’s day. A fast freezing process also yields small crystals, insuring a silky texture. Slower freezing could make big crystals with an unpleasant crunch, kind of like ice cream that’s gritty with freezer-burn.
盆中的冰盐水能比淡冰水更快的冻结冰淇淋。在炎日的夏天，快速制冷能够最大限度的减少摇动手柄的时间。快速制冷过程也能够产生微小的冰晶，确保丝滑的口感。较慢的制冷过程则形成大的冰晶体，使口感变差，似乎冰激凌表面因为冷冻变硬了。
The coldest that salt less ice water can get is 32 degrees Fahrenheit, where there’s a balance between the rates of melting and freezing. Add salt to the mix and the energy balance tips, allowing the temperature to drop below 32 without freezing.
含有少量盐的冰水温度最低可达华氏32度，这一温度是凝固和融化的平衡点。将盐加到最大量能打破能量平衡，使得温度低于32度而不结冰。
Salty
盐
Let’s say you toss a handful of salt into ice water, and the temperature drops to 20 degrees. At this lower temperature, salty ice water can absorb more heat from the mixture inside the canister, freezing it faster than salt less ice water could. This means you can quit cranking sooner, kick back on the porch and enjoy some good-old-fashioned ice cream.
让我们尝试一下，你将少量盐投放到冰水里，温度降到了20度。在这种低温里，盐水能从金属罐里的混合物中吸收更多的热量，与淡冰水相比能尽快将其冻结。这意味着你能快速停止摇动，返回走廊，享受美味的老式冰淇淋了。
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