英语写作注意事项
英文写作的四种文体及注意事项
同文体的写作
书面表达旨在测试学生的英语书面表达能力。高考的书面表达是一种指导性写作。试题对写作的目的，对象，体裁及字数等都有明确的规定。提供给学生的材料形式为文字，图画或图表。试题要求学生根据所给的情景和要表达的意义，写出一篇 100 字左右的文章。高考中常见的文体为记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。
(一)记叙文：
记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。它分为记人和记事两种。记叙文的几个要点为：
1. 时间、地点、人物、事件，这几个要素在写作时要交代清楚。
2. 人称：记叙文一般可以有第一人称和第三人称两种叙事方式：第一人称是作者以当事人的口吻，把文章中的事情以“我”的所见所闻的方式来叙述，第三人称是写作者从旁观者的角度来叙述，反映事件中的不同人的感受和见解。
3. 记叙文的线索一般为时间，即按照事件的发展顺序来写。以可以按照地点的线索来写，即以地点的转移为顺序。
4. 重点突出，层次分明，详略得当。
5. 注意文章的完整性。
6. 所用的时态通常为一般过去时。
例： NMET 2004 辽宁卷
下面四幅图片描述的是星期天上午在中山公园里发生的一件事。请根据图片所提供的信息用英语为你校的“英语园地”写一篇文章。
注意：1. 短文必须包括所有图片的主要内容，短文的内容要连贯，完整。
2. 短文单词数 100左右。
3. 参考词汇：货摊 stand 抢夺 snatch 逮捕 arrest
写作步骤：
1. 审题：理解图意，将几幅图连成一个完整的故事。
2. 列出要点：
地点：公园的冰激凌货摊旁。
人物：一名年轻妇女，一个小偷和一个老人。
事件：年轻妇女的包被抢，人们追赶，老人用伞将其绊倒，警察逮捕抢劫者，妇女和人们感谢老人。
3. 将要点扩展成文，注意上下文的连接，用适当的连词，副词。
4. 通读一遍，改错。
Possible Version：
One Sunday morning, there were some people in Zhongshan Park. At a stand, a woman was buying an ice cream when a young man behind her snatched her handbag away. She shouted, “Stop the thief! He’s snatched my bag!” Hearing this, a few people began to run after him. There was an old man sitting quietly on a bench nearby. As the snatcher was running past him, the old man quickly picked up his umbrella and put it between the snatcher’s legs. The young man fell down on the ground hard. Soon two policemen came in a police car and arrested him. The woman thanked the old man, and the people around praised the old man for his cleverness.
(二)议论文：
在近几年的高考中，议论文的比重占得越来越多，议论文的出题形式可以多种多样，有看图写作、图表、表格、书信等各种类型，但文体实际上是议论文，而有时是夹叙的议论文。议论文的写作要点是：
1. 观点鲜明，文章一定有一个明确的中心论点。
2. 层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，不同层次之间要分明，过渡清晰自然。
3. 最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。
4. 一般采用一般现在时。
5. 语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。
例：
2005年全国高考英语(福建卷)
目前，学校存在少数学生考试作弊现象。某英文杂志社拟对此现象向中学生征文，标题是“My opinion on Cheating in Examinations”，请根据下列提示用英语写一篇征文稿。
内容要点如下：
主要原因：考试偏多，偏难;不用功，懒惰;取悦老师，父母
个人看法：作弊不对，影响校规;要诚实，努力学习;……其他看法
注意：
1. 短文必须包括所有内容要点，可适当发挥;
2. 短文标题与开头已为你写好，不计入总词数;
3. 词数：100左右;
4. 参考词汇：作弊 cheat (v.)
写作思路：
1. 首先审题，确定要点——本文的中心论题是：My pinions on Cheating in Examinations ，所以首先要提出中心论题，点题。
2. 接下来从两方面来讨论这个问题，可以分做两段，现分析这种现象的产生原因， 然后很自然地过渡到自己的看法。在讲述自己看法时要有鲜明的观点及支持观点的论据。
3. 最后对自己的观点做简短的总结，点题。
Possible Version：
My opinions on Cheating in Examinations
It is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school.
As students, we often take examinations at school, but sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and don’t work hard at their lessons. So when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.
In my opinions , it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations. What’s more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.
In a word, it is wrong to cheat in examinations.
(三)说明文：
说明文是以简明的文字介绍事物的形状、性质、构造、变化、功用、特征等的文章。写好说明文的关键是抓住事物的特征，说明事物的顺序要有一定的逻辑性。
说明文常见的顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序等。
例： NMET 2004 江苏
假设你是李晓华，住在江城。你的加拿大笔友Bob来信谈到了你所居住的城市，并希望了解你家乡江城的情况。请你用英语写一封回信。回信必须包括下表中的内容：
自然情况：位于长江边，风景优美，适合居住;
成就：经济发展迅速;新建了不少工厂、住房、道路等;
存在问题：水，空气污染;交通拥挤;
对江城发展的看法：自己拟定;
注意：
1. 回信中不能使用“江城 ”以外的地名。
2. 词数：100左右。信的开头与结尾已为你写好，不计入词数。
3. 参考词汇：经济 economy n.
Dear Bob,
It’s very kind of you to write me and let me know about our beautiful city. Now I’d like to tell you something about my hometown Jiangcheng.
Yours,
Xiaohua
写作思路：
1. 首先确定这是一篇描述地方的说明文。
2. 确定写作要点：根据所给信息，大体可以分为三个部分——城市简介，可以按照地理位置、自然环境、城市面貌和变化发展这样的逻辑顺序写，接下来写你看到的问题，最后写你的一些看法和建议。
3. 各层次之间注意使用恰当的连词，让过渡自然，结构合理。比如： however, in my opinion 等。
Possible Version：
Dear Bob,
It’s very kind of you to write me and let me know about our beautiful city. Now I’d like to tell you something about my hometown Jiangcheng.
The city stands on the bank of the Changjiang river. It is a beautiful place for people to live in. Its economy has been developing rapidly in the past ten years. New factories, houses, and roads have been built. More schools and hospitals are available for its people. However, there are still some problems, such as water and air pollution and heavy traffic in rush hours. In my opinion, Jiangcheng should develop its economy scientifically. I would also think that the growth of its population should be brought under control so that we’ll have a better hometown in future.
Yours,
Xiaohua
(四)应用文：包括书信、通知、便条等。
(1)书信写作：在我们的日常生活中，我们经常给朋友、父母、亲戚等写信，这些信件都属于私人信件。私人书信是写给亲朋好友的，不仅是互通信息的工具，也是交流感情的渠道。书信写作是高考中经常出现的一种题型。写作时应注意以下要点：
1. 写好开头，提一提来信里谈到的各项事情，顺笔写来。
2. 一般先答复对方的问题，然后再谈自己想要说的话。
3. 结束信时要向对方表示友善或亲切的问候。
4. 语言要自然、平实、简洁。
Useful Expressions：
1. I’m very pleased to hear from you yesterday.
2. I’m sorry I’ve taken so long to answer your last letter.
3. We were all so pleased to hear you will be coming to visit us.
4. Look forward to hearing from you soon.
5. Please write back soon.
6. Do write to us when you have time.
7. We hope to hear from you soon.
8. Give my best wishes to the family.
例：
NMET 2005北京卷
美国中学生Jeff将要来你所在的红星中学学习中文，经协商安排住在你家。假设你是李华，请给Jeff写一封信，按照下图顺序介绍他来中国后的生活安排。
注意：1. 信的开头已为你写好。
2. 字数不少于60。
Dear Jeff,
I’m Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing School. I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’ re in Beijing.
写作要点：
1. 审清图意 信的内容包括以下几点：住宿、上学、就餐和课后活动。
2. 信可以分为三段来写，力求结构清晰，思路完整。
3. 注意语言亲切自然，避免使用过于书面的语言，比如过多的从句或过于华丽的词汇。
Possible Version：
Dear Jeff,
I’m Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing School . I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’re in Beijing.
While you are here, we’ll provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. You’ll also have your own bathroom. Our school is quite close to our home, so we could go to school together by bike. At noon we’ll eat at the school dining hall. I’m sure you’ll like the delicious Chinese food there, and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4:00 in the afternoon. You can then join other students in playing games or swimming. It will be a lot of fun.
If you have any questions or requests, please let me know. We’ll try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience.
Best wishes,
Li Hua
(2)通知的写作
通知是一种安排活动或布置工作时使用的文体，包括了口头通知和书面通知。口头通知是当面向有关人员口授有关活动的信息，而书面通知是以布告的形式把事情通知给有关人员。通知的要素是时间，地点，对象，事件具体内容，注意事项等。通知的语言应该是简洁明了，直截了当。还应该注意要有一定的逻辑顺序。
注意：
1)口头通知一般都会将下列词句放在开头
Ladies and gentlemen
Boys and girls
May I have your attention , please?
I have something important to tell you.
结尾时会以以下句子结束：That’s all. Thank you.
2)书面通知在正文之前的正中位置写Notice字样，结尾要写明时间及发出通知的单位。
例：
广播通知：
你校学生会将为来访的美国朋友举办一个晚会，要在学校广播中宣布此事，并欢迎大家参加。为使美国朋友能听懂，请你用英语写一篇广播通知。
要点如下：
宗旨：欢迎来访的美国朋友
组织者：学生会
时间：7月13日(星期六)晚7：30
活动内容：音乐，跳舞，唱歌，游戏，交换小礼品(请包装好，签名并在包装外面写上几个祝愿词)
May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. The Students’ Union is going to hold a party on Saturday evening, July 13, to welcome our friends from the United States. The party will be held in the roof garden of the Main Building. It will begin at 7：30 PM. There will be music, dancing, singing, games and exchange of gifts. You may bring along a small gift for this purpose. Remember to wrap it up, sign your name and write a few words of good wishes.
Don’t forget： 7：30, Saturday evening, roof garden, Main Building. It’s sure to be a lot of fun. Everybody is welcome.
