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在英语中什么是同位语结构是怎样的

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  英语同位语有多种表现形式,体现出多种语义关系和多种语用功能。下面是学习啦小编整理的在英语中什么是同位语,欢迎阅读。

  在英语中什么是同位语

  一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。

  1.由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。

  Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.

  我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。

  Mr. Smith是主词our new teacher的同位语,指同一人。

  Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.

  昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。

  a friend of my brother's是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人。

  2.如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。

  He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.

  他本人对我讲,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。

  brother和John都是单一的字作同位语,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。 Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James.

  昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。

  同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。

  3.同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。

  We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.

  我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

  He is interested in sports, especially ball games.

  他喜欢运动,特别是球类运动。

  同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案),hope(希望),fact(事实),belief (信仰),news(消息),idea(主意;观念),promise(承诺),information(信息),conclusion(结论),order(命令), suggestion(建议),problem(问题),thought (想法)等后面。例如: He always works hard even if he knows the fact that he is not in good health. His failure was due to the fact that he had not practised for a long time. I had no idea that you were here. She told us her hope that she would become a pianist. He made a promise that he would never come late. 注意: that 既可引导同位语从句又可引导定语从句,其区别在于:同位语从句由连接词that引导,连接词that本身无意义,在同位语从句中不充当任何成分,不可省略,不可以用其他词替代;定语从句由关系代词that引导,关系代词that在从句中充当一定的成分,作宾语时可省略,由when, why, where引导的 同位语从句和定语从句的区别在于: 同位语从句由连接副词只起连接作用,没有指代作用; 定语从句由关系副词引导,关系副词具有指代先行词的作用,常用一个介词加关系代词替换。例如:I will never forget the day when we first met. (同位语从句, when为连接词) That is the special day (which/that) I will never forget. (定语从句,which/that为关系副词) This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago. (同位语从句, where为连接词) This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago. (定语从句,where为关系副词) 注:each有同位语,every没有例:they each went there yesterday

  同位语结构

  一、什么叫同位语

  同位语的定义:由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。如:

  Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for an interview. 劳拉·迈尔,BBC的记者,要求采访。

  Influenza, a common disease, has no cure. 流行性感冒是一种常见病,无特效药。 Mary, one of the most intelligent girls I know, is planning to attend the university. 玛丽是我所认识的最聪敏的姑娘之一,她正准备上大学。

  以上所举的同位语例子都是同位语的基本形式,一般不会出错。但有有几种同位语,或由于身本结构特殊,或由于它修饰的成分结构比较特殊,往往会引起误解。现小结并举例说明如下,希望引起同学们的注意。

  二、特殊同位语归纳

  1. 代词we, us, you等后接同位语

  Are you two reading? 你们二人在看书吗?

  They three joined the school team. 他们3人参加了校队

  She has great concern for us students. 她对我们学生很关心。

  He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你们男孩子安静些。

  We girls often go to the movies together. 我们女孩子经常一起去看电影。

  2. 不定式用作同位语

  Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下达了发起总攻的命令。(to start the general attack与the order同位)

  He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一条街走,我在那里接他上了车。(to walk along…与the instruction同位)

  3. -ing分词用作同位语

  He’s getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一个开卡车的差事。(driving a track与a job同位)

  She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一个熨衣服的职位。(ironing shirts与a place同位)

  The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭,被拒绝了。(attacking at night与the first plan同位)

  4. 形容词用作同位语

  The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的交易会,是有史以来规模最大的,正在广州举行。

  He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他读了很多书,古今中外都有。

  People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都来到街头观看游行。

  【注】这类同位语与定语比较接近,可转换成定语从句。如:

  The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.

  =The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.

  5. none of us之类的结构用作同位语

  We none of us said anything. 我们谁也没说话。

  We have none of us large appetites. 我们谁饭量都不大。

  They neither of them wanted to go. 他们两人都不想去。

  They’ve neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence. 他们两人谁也没能赢得她的信任。

  【注】注意,同位语并不影响其后句子谓语的“数”,如:

  学生每人都有一本词典。

  正:The students each have a dictionary.

  误:The students each has a dictionary.

  请比较下面一句(谓语用了单数,因为each为句子主语):

  正:Each of the students has a dictionary.

  6. 从句用作同位语(即同位语从句)

  They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他们为你生病发愁。

  I received a message that she would be late. 我得到的信息说她可能晚到。

  The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不实。 The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不动脑筋做此工作的想法是错误的。

  同位语从句

  先行词

  1.定语从句的先行词是名词或代词;而同位语从句的先行词只能是名词,而且仅限于idea,plan, fact,theory,promise,hope,news,doubt,truth,information,suggestion,question, thought,belief,conclusion等少数名词。

  例如:

  ①The boy who is playing football is my classmate.

  ??②Those who work hard will succeed.

  ??③The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.

  ??④The fact that you are talking about is important.

  ??在①句中,划线部分是定语从句,其先行词是名词 boy,它不能用作同位语从句的先行词。

  ??在②句中,划线部分也是定语从句,其先行词是代词those,代词不能用作同位语从句的先行词。

  ??在③句中,划线部分是同位语从句,其先行词是名词fact,它同样可以用作定语从句的先行词,④句便是一例。

  ??由以上分析可见,同位语从句的先行词一定可以用作定语从句的先行词,但定语从句的先行词不一定能用作同位语从句的先行词。

  ??2.when,where,why引导的定语从句的先行词一定分别是表示时间、地点和原因的名词,而三者引导的同位语从句的先行词则肯定不是表示时间、地点和原因的名词。 例如:

  ①I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.

  ??②I have no idea when she will be back.

  ??在①句中,划线部分是when引导的定语从句,其先行词day是表示时间的名词; 在②句中,划线部分是when引导的同位语从句,其先行词idea则不是表示时间的名词。

  引导词

  ?定语从句和同位语从句共同的引导词有四个:that,when,where,why。下面把四个引导词分成两类说明它们在两种从句中的不同用法。

  1.引导词that

  ??引导定语从句的that叫做关系代词,它除了起连接作用,还在定语从句中充当一定成分,并且在意义上代表先行词;引导同位语从句的that叫做从属连词,它只起连接作用。 例如:

  ①The news that you told me yesterday was really exciting.

  ??②We heard the news that our team had won.

  ??在①句中,划线部分是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语,在意义上指代先行词news。在②句中,划线部分是同位语从句,that没有任何意义,只起连接作用。

  2.引导词when,where,why

  ??引导定语从句时,它们叫做关系副词,在从句中充当状语,可以转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式;引导同位语从句时,它们叫做连接副词,在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式。

  例如:

  ①I will never forget the day when I joined the army.

  ??②We have no idea when she was born.

  ??在①句中,划线部分是定语从句,when在从句中作状语,它可以转换成on which的形式;

  在②句中,划线部分是同位语从句, when在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式。

  ??③This is the house where I lived two years ago.

  ??④He put forward to the question where the meeting would be held.

  ??在③句中,划线部分是定语从句,where在从句中作状语,它可以转换成in which的形式;

  在④句中,划线部分是同位语从句, where在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式。

  ??⑤This is the reason why she will not attend the meeting.

  ??⑥The teacher had no idea why Jack was absent.

  ??在⑤句中,划线部分是定语从句,why在从句中作状语,它可以转换成for which的形式;在⑥句 中,划线部分是同位语从句,why在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式。

看了在英语中什么是同位语的人还看了:

1.同位语的用法 同位语如何使用

2.中考英语特殊同位语知识归纳

3.中考英语同位语知识复习

4.翻译英语句子方法

5.七八年级英语手抄报

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