英语直接引语和间接引语用法
在英语的学习中，有很多的关于语法的知识点，下面学习啦的小编将为大家带来关于直接引语和间接引语的用法介绍，希望能够帮助到大家。
英语直接引语和间接引语用法介绍
一、概述
引用或转述别人说的话时有两种方法：直接引述别人的原话，这叫做直接引语(direct speech)。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语(indirect speech)。一般地讲，直接引语前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号，而用宾语从句来表达。
Mr. Black said, “I'm busy.”布菜克先生说：“我很忙”。(直接引语)
Mr. Black said that he was busy.布菜克先生说他很忙。(宾语从句是间接引语)
从上例看来，直接引语改为间接引语时,除将直接引语改为宾语从句之外，还须对直接引语中的人称和时态进行相应的变化，如上例直接引语中的I改成了he, am则改成了was。现将由直接引语改为间接引语时应注意的问题,分述如下：
二、直接引语是陈述句时
直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导(that在口语中常省去)，that从句之前用say、tell等动词，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。
1、人称的变化
直接引语改为间接引语人称要相应的变化，把直接引语中的第一人称(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。把直接引语中的第二人称(you，your，yours)变为和主句的间接宾语(即听话人，如无听话人，可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称)相一致的人称。直接引语中的第三人称(he，him，his，she，her，hers,it，its,they,their，theirs，them)变为间接引语时，人称不变。
He said , “I like it very much.” 他说：“我非常喜欢它”。
→He said that he liked it very much. 他说他非常喜欢它。(I改为he, it不变)
He said, “You told me this story.”他说：“你给我讲过这个故事。”
→He said that I had told him that story.他说我给他讲过那个故事。(You改为I, me改为him, told改为had told)
He said to me, “She's left her book in your room”.他对我说：“她把书放在你的房间里去了。”
He told me that she had left her book in my room. 他对我说她把书放在我的房间里去了。(She's→she had， her不变，your→my)
2、 时态的变化
(1)主句的谓语动词是一般过去时
直接引语 | 间接引语 |
| 一般现在时 | 一般过去时 |
| 现在进行时 | 过去进行时 |
| 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 |
| 一般过去时 | 过去完成时 |
| 过去完成时 | 过去完成时(不变) |
| 一般将来时 | 过去将来时 |
| 一般将来进行时 | 过去将来进行时 |
| 一般将来完成时 | 过去将来完成时 |
如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化。直接引语改为间接引语时,动词时态相应变化表：
He said, “I usually watch TV on Sunday.”他说：“我常在星期天看电视”。
→He said that he usually watched TV on Sunday.他说他常在星期天看电视。
He said, “I'm using the knife.”他说：“我正在用小刀。”
→He said that he was using the knife.他说他正在用小刀。
She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”她说：“自从五月份来我就没有收到他的来信。”
→She said that she had not heard from him since May. 她说自从五月份以来她就没收到他的来信。
He said，“I came to help you.”他说：“我来帮助你。”
→He said that he had come to help me.他说他来帮助我。
He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”他说：“晚饭前我己做完了作业。”
→He said that he had finished his homework before supper.他说晚饭前他己做完了作业。
Zhou Lan said, “I'll do it after class.”周兰说：“下课后我就去做。”
→Zhou Lan said that she would do it after class.周兰说下课后她就去做。
He said,“I shall be doing my homework then.”他说：“那时我将正在做作业。”
→He said that he should be doing his homework then.他说那时他将正在做作业。
He said, “We shall have finished the work by that time.”他说：“我们将在那时以前完成工作。”
→He said that they should have finished the work by that time.他说他们将在那时以前完成工作。
注意：直接引语如果是客观真理、名人名言、与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
The teacher said, “The earth is round. ”老师说：“地球是圆的。”
→The teacher said that the earth is round.老师说地球是圆的。
He said, “I was born in Shangdong in 1965.” 他说: “我1965年生于山东。”
→He said that he was born in Shangdong in 1965. 他说他1965年生于山东。
He said, “Columbus discovered America in 1492.”他说：“哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。”
→He said Columbus discovered America in 1492.他说哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。
(2)主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时
如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一律不变
He says, “I finished the work.”他说：“我做完工作了。”
He says that he finished the work. 他说他做完工作了。
He will say, “I have watered the flowers.” 他会说：“我己经浇花了。”
He will say he has watered the flowers. 他会说他己经浇花了。
高中英语not only...but also...的用法
not only...but also... 表示“不仅……而且”“既……又”，用于连接两个性质相同的词或短语。如：
Not only men but also women were chosen. 不仅仅是男的，女的也有被选中的。
We were not only hungry, but also tired. 我们不但饿了，而且也累了。
She likes not only music but also sport. 她不但喜欢音乐而且喜欢运动。
She not only plays well, but also writes music. 她不仅很会演奏，而且还会作曲。
We go there not only in winter, but also in summer. 我们不仅冬天去那儿，而且夏天也去。
另外，在使用not only…but also…时还应注意以下几点：
1. 有时可将but also分开用，即将but视为普通的并列连词，用于连接两个句子，然后将also用于句中(用谓语动词用在一起)。如：
He's not only very fast, but he's also got marvellous technique. 他不仅很快，而且技术高超。
2. 该结构中的also有时可以省略，或将also换成too, as well(置于句末)。如：
He not only washed the car, but polished it too [as well]. 他不仅冲洗汽车，而且还擦拭了它。
His name is known not only in Japan, but in China. 他不仅在日本出名，而且在中国也出名。
3. 有时因为语境的需要，not only…but also…也可能用于连接两个性质不同的词或短语，但这多半因为承前省略的原因。如：
He not only goes to work on weekdays, but also on weekends. 他不仅工作日去上班，在周末也去上班。
句中的not only后接的是谓语goes to，而but also后接的却是状语 on weekends，可视为but also后承前省略了谓语动词 goes to work。
4. 当not only…but also连接两个主语时，谓语动词的数原则上与其相近的主语保持一致。如：
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. 不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片，他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。
5. 为了强调，可将not only置于句首，此时其后的句子通常要用部分倒装的形式。如：
Not only has she been late three times, she has also done no work. 她不仅仅迟到了3次，她还没干一点活。
Not only do they need clothing, but they are also short of water. 他们不但需要衣服，而且还缺水。
有时也可见到不倒装的情形，此时主要见于but also后接省略结构的情况(省略只剩下主语)。如：
Not only my mother was unhappy, but Marian, too. 不仅我母亲不快乐，玛丽安也不快乐。
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