爱因斯坦给罗斯福的信(中英文对照)
1939年8月2日,爱因斯坦出于对希特勒下令研制原子弹的忧虑,希望促使美国先于纳粹得国造出原子弹,于是就此事致信美国总统罗斯福。下面是学习啦小编跟大家分享的爱因斯坦给罗斯福的信,欢迎大家来阅读学习。
信件原文
Old Grove Rd.
Nassau Point
Peconic, Long Island
August 2nd 1939
F.D. RooseveltommonsbbfEinstein-Ro
President of the United States
White House
Washington, D.C.
Sir:
Some recent work by E.Fermi and L. Szilard, which has been communicated to me in manuscript, leads me to expect that the element uranium may be turned into a new and important source of energy in the immediate future. Certain aspects of the situation which has arisen seem to call for watchfulness and, if necessary, quick action on the part of the Administration. I believe therefore that it is my duty to bring to your attention the following facts and recommendations:
In the course of the last four months it has been made probable – through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America – that it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium by which vast amounts of power and large quantities of new radium-like elements would be generated. Now it appears almost certain that this could be achieved in the immediate future.
This new phenomenon would also lead to the construction of bombs, and it is conceivable –though much less certain – that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may thus be constructed. A single bomb of this type, carried by boat and exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding territory. However, such bombs might very well prove to be too heavy for transportation by air.
The United States has only very poor ores of uranium in moderate quantities. There is some good ore in Canada and the former Czechoslovakia, while the most important source of uranium is Belgian Congo.
In view of the situation you may think it desirable to have more permanent contact maintained between the Administration and the group of physicists working on chain reactions in America. One possible way of achieving this might be for you to entrust with this task a person who has your confidence and who could perhaps serve in an inofficial capacity. His task might comprise the following:
ommonsbbfEinstein-Ro
a) to approach Government Departments, keep them informed of the further development, and put forward recommendations for Government action, giving particular attention to the problem of securing a supply of uranium ore for the United States;
b) to speed up the experimental work, which is at present being carried on within the limits of the budgets of University laboratories, by providing funds, if such funds be required, through his contacts with private persons who are willing to make contributions
for this cause, and perhaps also by obtaining the co-operation of industrial laboratories which have the necessary equipment.
I understand that Germany has actually stopped the sale of uranium from the Czechoslovakian
mines which she has taken over. That she should have taken such early action might perhaps be understood on the ground that the son of the German Under-Secretary of State, von Weizsäcker, is attached to the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut in Berlin where some of the American work on uranium is now being repeated.
Yours very truly,
[signed Albert Einstein]
(Albert Einstein)
参考译文
总统先生:
最近,费米和西拉德两位教授曾把他们的一些研究报告,以手抄本的形式送交我们。这些报告使我们深信:不久的将来,铀将成为一种新的并且是极为重要的能源。根据目前某些方面的情况来看,我们政府应该在这方面及时警觉,同时,在必要时得采取迅速行动。因此,我认为有责任提醒您注意下列的一些事实以及我的劝告。
在过去的四个月,由于砝国的约里奥·居里和美国的费米及西拉德的努力,使得在大量的铀中能够引起一种链式核反应,大有实现的希望。在这种反应中,能产生极大的能量,同时也会产生大量新的像镭一样的放射性元素。现在我们几乎可以确定,在不久的将来就能完成这种反应。
这种新现象同时也提示我们,可以制造一种新型炸弹。虽然把握较小,但这种想法还是可信的。一颗这样的威力极大的新型炸弹,可用船舶将它运送到一个港口,并予以引爆。它的力量足够炸毁整个港口四周的一些地区。然而,可惜的是这些炸弹的重量太大,不便于空中运输。
在美国,仅有中等数量的贫铀矿,在加拿大和捷克有稍好一点的铀矿,而最好的铀矿是在刚果。
这样看来,也许您会想到,政府行政机构与在美国致力于链式反应研究的科学家之间,最好能有一些密切的联系。要达到这种目的的可能办法是您把这项任务委托给一个您所信任的人,最好他没有官员的身份,他的工作可以包括下列数项:
(1)接近政府各部门,使它们知道进一步的研究发展,他对政府的决策提出建设性的意见,同时还要特别注意“维护铀矿在美国的供应”。
(2)加速实验工作,目前进行实验工作的预算仅限于几个大学的实验室而已,为了加强实验工作,我们可以准备基金(假使这笔基金的确需要的话)。通过这位 工作人员的关系首先可以向一些志愿负担这笔费用的私人来借贷,其次我们争取一些工业实验室的合作,这些实验室都具有我们所需要的设备。
据我所知,得国人在事实上已经停止出售他们接管的捷克铀矿开采出来的铀。他们如此的早期行动,或者可被认为是由于得国副国务卿的儿子冯·韦斯里克任职于柏林威廉皇家学院,而这个学院里,和美国一样,铀的研究工作,正在反复地进行着。
相关评论
1939年8月2日,爱因斯坦出于对希特勒下令研制原子弹的忧虑,希望促使美国先于纳粹德国造出原子弹,于是就此事致信美国总统罗斯福。罗斯福经过全盘考虑,以4亿美元预算,启动了曼哈顿工程。到1945年为止,曼哈顿工程实际已耗资20亿美元,并一度消耗着美国1/4的电力资源。
爱因斯坦签署的信是拟好了,可是要把信送到总统手里,并说服当权者将巨额投资放到一项没有把握的冒险的浩繁工程上,恐怕不是轻易能做到的。
1939年10月11日,总统的经济顾问萨克斯终于得到了亲自向罗斯福总统递呈这封信的机会。这封信已经在他手里压了将近10个星期。其间,第二次世界大战已在欧洲爆发。为了使总统了解全面情况而又不致使此信件积压等候处理,萨克斯当面向总统汇报了情况。可是罗斯福已经很疲倦。他向萨克斯说,这些都是很有趣的事,不过政府在现阶段就干预此事,看来还为时过早。显然,罗斯福是想推掉这件事。但是,当萨克斯要离开的时候,总统为了表示歉意而约他第二天早晨来共进早餐。
萨克斯一整夜没合眼。他在旅馆的房间里来回踱着,长时间地思索着怎样说服总统从而得到他的支持。
看来,重温历史的教训是有益的,萨克斯这样想。
第二天早晨,萨克斯来到了白宫。罗斯福一见面就开玩笑地问道:“你又有了什么绝妙的想法吗?”萨克斯鼓足了勇气回答道:“我想向您讲一段历史。”接着他就说:“在拿破仑战争时代,有一个年轻的美国发明家福尔顿来到了这位砝国皇帝面前,建议建立一支由蒸汽机舰艇组成的舰队。他说,这样的舰队,无论什么天气 都能在英国登陆。拿破仑想,军舰没有帆能走吗?这简直不可思议,因此竟把福尔顿赶了出去。根据英国历史学家阿克顿爵士的意见,这是由于敌人缺乏见识而使英国得到幸免的一个例子;如果当时拿破仑稍稍动一动脑筋,再慎重考虑一下,那么19世纪的历史进程也许完全会是另外一个样子。”
历史的进程是否真如阿克顿估计的那样,当然并非如此。但此时此刻,经济顾问的话确实提醒了总统。
罗斯福沉默了几分钟。然后吩咐仆人拿来了一瓶拿破仑时代的砝国白兰地与萨克斯碰杯。随后说了一句:“阿列克塞,你有把握不让纳粹分子把我们炸掉,是吗?”萨克斯回答说:“是这样。”然后总统就把自己的随员沃特逊将军叫来,指着萨克斯带来的信件说:“帕阿(沃特逊的绰号),对此事要立即采取行动!
行动马上开始了,潘多拉的魔盒终于打开了!
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