学习国际象棋开局的价值

　　国际象棋的开局至关重要，它有可能决定一盘棋的胜负。下面学习啦小编给你介绍学习国际象棋开局的价值，欢迎阅读。

　　学习国际象棋开局的价值

　　我敢肯定，你已经无数次地听到“开局不是十分重要，你应该先学习战术/残局/中局，等你掌握了这些之后，在学习开局不迟”。虽然我认同学习战术、局面、残局非常重要，但我也认为学习开局也很有价值，是每一个棋手学习王国的必不可少的一分子。

　　我为什么这样想呢?首先，学习它非常容易，你要是个等级分较高的棋手，那就更不用说了。有些工具象Chessbase、TWIC，让你学起开局变得更加方便。还有一个原因，有一个小孩，曾经参加过我主讲的短期培训，竟然不知道基本的开局变例，净下些垃圾开局, 让我感到非常伤心。

　　还有一个学习开局更好的借口，你不仅是在学习开局，你同时也是复习你的战略/战术概念。我每学习一个开局的时候，我总是能够学到一些其他的东西。

　　法兰西开局，塔拉什变例

　　French Opening, Tarrasch Variation

　　1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nd2 Be7 4. Ngf3 Nf6 5. e5 Nfd7 6. c3 c5 7. Bd3 Nc6 8. O-O a5 9. a4 cxd4 10. cxd4 Nb4 11. Bb5 O-O

　　下一步最好走什么呢?如果你从来没有学习过这个开局，那么你的等级分可能就在2000分以下，你能找到最好招法的概率非常低。可是，如果你能看到12.Nb1这步棋，那就意味着你已经掌握了一种非常有价值的可以运用到很多情况下的方法。关键点在于马放在c3上非常好，既可以监督b5格子有可以释放c1上的象。

　　现在，你已经知道了这个走法或者你自己找到了这个招法，但是，假如你的等级分已经超过1800，第一次看到这个变例。当你看到12.Nb1这步棋，你会问“谁走的这种奇怪的招法，为什么白棋要那样走?”当你找到答案，你就有了一个新的可以用到其他局面的概念。让我们再看一些例子。

　　Saitek US Masters, Hawaii 1998

　　GM Joel Benjamin- Gregory Shahade

　　这是我14年前面对吉尔*本杰明下出的局面, 我想你能猜到下来他会走什么?

　　16. Nb1

　　当他走出这步棋的时候，我印象深刻，不知道他要干什么。当然，当马放在c3上的时候会改进他的局面，要比马在d2上好多了。这也是计算机软件霍德妮的首选，要知道计算机是最擅长发现像Nb1这样的步子的。现在，我已经真正理解了它的内涵，并能够自然而然地运用在我的对局中。

　　这个结合法兰西开局的例子，让我回想起在圣路易斯邀请赛上的那盘棋。

　　Saint Louis Invitational, 2011

　　Greg Shahade- Tatev Abrahamyan

　　1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nd2 Be7 4. Ngf3 Nf6 5. e5 Nfd7 6. c3 c5 7. Bd3 Nc6 8. O-O g5 9. Qe2 g4 10. Ne1 h5 11. Qe3 Qb6 12. Nc2 cxd4 13. cxd4 Rg8 14. Kh1 Nf8 15.f4 Ng6

　　猜一猜我下来会走什么?我和你开了个玩笑，所以你可能猜不对。我确实想走f5，但是她可能回以16...exf5 17. Bxf5 Be6，这样子的话黑棋也不差。 但我想做的更狠些。于是，我就搜肠刮肚地把我所知道的战术、概念、方法齐齐地过了一遍。我想到16.Nb1，它是我的首选，但我还有些不十分满意;所以我就开始看别的选择，16.a3就是其中的一个。要走16. a3， 那么b4, Nb3就得跟进。问题是如果我走了16.a3, 她回以16...a5，我的计划就不能顺利执行了。这让我又想到Nb1计划，这个计划对付她的a5不错。

　　16. a3 a5 17. Nb1

　　Notice how I was able to use an idea that I learned from one variation in the French, in a different French line. Also note that this could have been another opening entirely, as Joel used the idea against me in a Sicilian. I hope you are a Nb1 genius now too! Let’s move to another motif:

　　Caro-Kann Panov Botvinnik

　　1. e4 c5 2. c3 g6 3. d4 cxd4 4. cxd4 d5 5. exd5 Nf6 6. Nc3 Nxd5 7. Bc4 Nb6 8.Bb3 Bg7 9. Nf3 O-O 10. O-O Nc6 11. h3 Na5 12. Be3 Nxb3 13. axb3

　　A normal developing move for black would be to play 13...Be6, but it looks annoying after 14. Ng5 because either the bishop retreats or after 14...Bd5 white can trade a knight for a bishop and eliminate our two bishops advantage.

　　13…Be6

　　Still a good move. The point is that after 14. Ng5 Bd5 is nothing to be worried about, as after 15. Nxd5 Nxd5 followed by something like ...e6, and we have a nice position as white's pawns are weak and we have great control over the d5 square. Now maybe for many of you this idea was obvious, but it made an impression on me. Let's see it in action in another opening.

　　1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. exd5 cxd5 4. c4 Nf6 5. Nc3 e6 6. Nf3 Be7 7. cxd5 Nxd5 8.Bd3 O-O 9. O-O Nc6 10. Re1 Nf6 11. Bc2 b6 12. a3 Ba6 13. Bf4

　　This is a tricky position. The natural move is certainly 13....Rc8, but it runs into an annoying trick involving 14. d5! Nxd5 15. Nxd5 Qxd5 16. Qxd5 exd5 17. Bf5 Rcd8 18. Bc7 Ra8 19. Bd7 and white is starting to generate annoying threats. After analyzing this I decided I didn't really want to play into this position, and with the help of ChessPublishing, although I'm sure I'd have found it anyway, I decided black's best is 13...Bc4 with the idea that we don't really mind sticking the bishop on d5 in some positions, allowing white to capture.

　　14. b3

　　For instance if 14. b3 Bd5 looks quite playable for white, as if 15. Nxd5 Qxd5 black has good control over the d5 square and I consider the position to be fully playable.

　　14…Bd5

　　So again we find an idea that would be easier to find if we already learned the idea in a different opening. Depending on your rating/experience level, this idea may be obvious, but the more ideas you have in your arsenal, the better.

　　I hope that these examples do convince you the enormous benefit of properly studying the opening. What should you do when you study an opening? Well you should look for as many ideas like this as possible. Whenever you see a move that strikes you as odd, or is something that you wouldn’t normally consider….you should focus on it, and try to really figure out what’s going on and whether it could be applicable in other situations. I have been doing a lot of opening study lately and am quite certain I’ve picked up many such ideas that it would be harder to grasp from middlegame study.

　　Another common yet annoying saying is “focus on learning the ideas of an opening, not exact variations.” That’s complete nonsense. Yes you should know the ideas in all openings you play, and in some openings the ideas may be more important than precise moves. The Carlsbad Structure of the Queen’s Gambit Declined, the Closed Sicilian or the Giuoco Pianissimo all come to mind. However in the majority of openings you should know exactly what to do in quite a few critical positions. You shouldn’t find yourself in a key position thinking “well I know these three ideas in the position, I wonder which one is best”.

　　The ideas over concrete lines is a stupid saying that is misinterpreted by coaches everywhere who constantly repeat it back to me without having any idea what it means, which basically gives kids to be lazy and not memorize anything. If you play the Dragon you better know the ideas, but you definitely ought to know exactly what moves to play against many of white’s sharp replies.

　　It’s quite hard to predict in which openings precise move memorization are important, and which ones it’s more important to know ideas. For instance, in some really sharp Najdorf positions, the precise move order is not known so deeply even by top players. An example of this would be the lines like 1. E4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. D4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Be3 e5 7. Nb3 Be6 and the lines where white plays Qd2 and 0-0-0 immediately without committing to whether their f-pawn will go to f3 or f4. After studying these lines, I believe most top players may know a few specific ideas, but there are so many different move orders in play that they are also playing very much with a set of ideas and concepts.

　　By contrast, an opening that would seems far quieter than a Najdorf, is the endgame after 1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. Nf3 Nf6 4. Nc3 dxc4 5. a4 Bf5 6. Ne5 Nbd7 7. Nxc4 Nb6 8. Ne5 a5 9. f3 Nfd7 10. e4 Nxe5 11. dxe5 Qxd1 12. Kxd1 Be6 13. Kc2

　　We have what seems like a pretty dry position but if black plays this line they should know exactly what they are supposed to do to achieve equality. A strong, aspiring player is irresponsible to come into this position armed only with ideas.

　　You have to figure out which positions require concrete memorization, and which ones you can get by with a few ideas. However it never hurts to learn precise moves, because these precise moves often contain key ideas within them.

　　As evidence, look at chessplayers all around you, players rated 100-200 points higher than another player. In the large majority of cases the stronger players have a much deeper and stronger opening knowledge than those rated 100-200 points lower. It’s not true in every case, but it’s true more often than not, which should show that openings do matter. If they didn’t matter why would anyone bother studying them at all, and why would all the stronger players know them much better than weaker players?

　　So study your opening, and do whatever you can to make sure that you learn the key ideas and look for ways to use them to increase your chess game as a whole. However don’t use that as an excuse to not know exactly what to do against every critical response by your opponent. Use your ideas when your opponent plays a new unexpected move, but if your opponent plays a move that has been played many times before, you should know what to play.