托福独立写作多长时间如何拿高分
托福独立写作最考察学生们的语言输出能力。在托福考试当中，我们应该如何分配独立写作的时间？下面就是学习啦小编给大家整理的托福独立写作时间分配建议，希望对你有用!
托福独立写作时间分配建议
小作文(综合写作)20min，150～225words;大作文(独立写作)30min，30words以上。
托福独立写作得分两大法宝
1. 同义词替换和简单词的高级使用技巧
首先从同义词替换开始说起。这牵扯到我们平时背单词时，是不是像连成线一样记忆还是仅仅把单词像小孤山一样全都割裂开来。我们常说联想记忆，便是此处用法之一。比如考到一些年轻人追求名牌，生活很奢侈的时候，我们要表达“奢侈”这个词，可以用哪些词呢?除了luxury, extravagant这两个常用词汇，还有chic / silk-stocking这两个词作为替换。chic是个小众的词，来源于CNN中的旅游相关的文章里，当时提到了洛杉矶当地一家很有特色的奢华酒店，用的就是这个词。而silk-stocking原意是指穿着长筒袜的人，在古代西欧社会，很多电影桥段中，我们都会看到西欧的一些贵族们无论男女都喜欢穿着长筒袜。这也在告诉我们，穿丝袜在那个时候是一种奢华和身份的象征。
简单词的高级使用就是我们撇去单词书里常出现的固定词性的词，活用在写作中，转化了常见的词性。比如：feature这个词，很多同学第一反应就是名词，表示特点。但是这个词作动词表达“以……为特征”的时候，就是一个很好的用法。在英语写作中，应尽量避免主系表的方式，因为这样的句子往往比较平面化，而多使用实义动词造出来的句子，会给人立体感。比如：There are five people in this hotel.和 This hotel houses five people.这两个句子就是个很好的对比。
2. 地道表达的积累
地道表达就是指符合西方人的表达习惯。几个拆开来都容易懂的单词凑在一起可能就会表达另外一种含义。比如我上课会和学生说，我最近真的很穷，要吃土了，在英文里就用feel the pinch来表达，字面意思就是“感觉自己卡在了紧要关头”。当我感觉贫困时，那我就要勒紧裤腰带过日子，这个时候英文也会对应tighten one’s belt 。当然，我们要懂得开源节流啊，不能光省钱，总得去赚点零花钱吧，这时候“找工作”在英文里就会表达成pound the pavement，同学们可以想象一个寂寥的背影在马路牙子边晃荡的画面。
托福独立写作中的常见审题误区
审题误区NO.1 忽略关键词
同学们考写作考了这么多年，大多数出题的形式都已烂熟于心，看到题目之后觉得熟悉于是兴冲冲提笔就写，其实，这种看似“熟练”的表象下藏着巨大的隐患——同学们很有可能因为看得太快而忽略某个决定题目意思的关键词。
例1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people’s unhealthy eating habits.
看到这个题目，同学们立刻会开始想，有没有other reasons for unhealthy habits，想出三条:1. People’s tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on “endless diets”; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever. 综上所述，advertising is not the only cause.
这个写法看起来非常完备，但其实犯了一个不起眼却严重的错误——题目不是要我们证明it is not the only cause，而是要我们去证明it is not the only main cause。多一个“main”，意思是很不一样的。如果我们只需要证明it is not the only cause，那么找出other causes即可即例1中的写法。但是，如果我们要证明it is not the only main cause，就需要证明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes，这就需要在每一段中加上一些专门的说明。或者，更简单的办法是去证明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising与该段所论述的unhealthy eating habit无关的论述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the only main cause? 这样一来，就不用通过证明还有其他main cause来反驳了，事实上，证明某种cause是main cause还是挺有难度的，因此笔者推荐同学们用后一种方式进行论述。因此，文章还是disagree，而三段的主题句分别应该是：1. People’s tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on“endless diets”, and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertising encourages them to do so.
例2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
看到这个题目，很多同学会可能会这样写：Agree. 1. Students should take more specialized courses (专业课)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接着开始论述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性); 2. Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接着开始论述如果没有实过习，在工作的时候是多么地feel so unprepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接着开始论述good social skills对职业和生活的帮助). 如果不看括号里的内容，仅看主题句，这篇文章是没有任何问题的。然而，括号中的论述从严格意义上来讲，是不能支持“more”这个关键词的。举个简单的例子：“我们需要钱”和“我们需要更多钱”在证明的时候重点是不一样的。如果证明“我们需要钱”，应该详细阐述钱的“不可或缺性”，比如生活、学习、教育都需要钱;但是如果证明“我们需要更多钱”，重点则应该放在“钱不够”的论述上，证明在学习、生活、教育方面的预算都很紧张。同样地，上面的题目中仅仅证明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不够的，事实上，这些根本不需要证明，需要证明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此这篇文章应该是一篇“抱怨型”的文章，详细地去论述学校工作的不足。参考思路如下：Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills.
同学们在写文章的时候一定要注意，学术论文写作不是句型和辞藻的堆砌，整篇文章一定是一个well-organized system，这个system中很重要的原则之二就是——1、每个中间段的topic sentence是用来支持main idea的;2、topic sentence后面的每句话都是用来支持该topic sentence的。在上面的两个例子中，大家会发现例1的错误主要是main idea没有很好地被topic sentence支持;而例2的错误在于topic sentence虽然看起来是支持main idea的，但是论述的内容可能跟关键词“more”无关，从而不能有力地支持topic sentences。这些错误的起因，则是对题干中关键词的忽略。
审题误区NO.2 误解关键词
与忽略关键词的人不同，有些同学过于执着于关键词的字面意思，而没能看出其背后的implication，从而被关键词限制住思路，无法下笔。比起忽略关键词，这种错误更常发生在细心且实力不错的同学身上，也很值得大家注意。笔者建议，在写文章的时候要灵活，不要拘泥于关键词的字面意思，否则理由很不好想，就算想出来也很难用英文表达。例3：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education.
题目的意思是说，比起投资大学教育，政府应该在小学教育上投入更多的资金。看到这个题，同学们会有不同的看法，大体来讲无非是两种——认为university education应该花更多的钱或反之。但是，大家很快会发现证明任何一种观点都是不容易的。比如说，有些同学可能会这样写：Agree. 1. Elementary school education involves more students than university education and it requires more money; 2. Colleges and universities have more sponsors than elementary schools so that the government should offer more financial support for the latter. 3. Since elementary school education is the cornerstone of university education, it deserves more money from the government.
上面的主题句看起来是没有问题的，然而在展开的时候困难重重——第一个点里说Pupils的数量多所以花钱多，这的确是事实，可是pupil人均所需要的经费却肯定比university students少，最关键的是，我们并没有数据作为支撑;第二点里说校友或社会人士的支持使得大学在财政方便面比小学要宽裕的多，然而，这还是一个没有数据就无法证明的观点;第三点里说elementary school education是university education的基础所以前者就应当比后者得到更多的预算，这是一个典型的逻辑错误，因此在段落展开的时候将会十分困难。A是B的基础并不意味着要为A花更多的钱。总之，钱本身就是一个可以量化的东西，如果真的以钱的多少来写这道题，在没有数据支持的情况下是很难成文的。许多同学之所以在写的时候觉得自己的文章很牵强，就是因为把该文当成了论述题，而大家要知道，论述题都是要会给出数据让我们来分析的。那么，在没有数据的情况下，这种题目该怎么写呢?找到money后面的implication很重要。其实，题目并不是要我们去讨论哪种教育应该花更多的钱，而是让我们去对比两种教育的重要性，自然地，更加重要的教育就应该花更多的钱。所以我们可以有以下论述：
(Main idea) I cannot agree that the government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education, because they are equally important.
(Topic sentence) 1. Elementary school education prepares children for college education by teaching them how to learn and what they are supposed to learn.
2. University education helps students to be ready for the competitive job market by equip them with excellent knowledge for jobs and good communication skills.
(Conclusion) Since elementary school education and university education are both indispensable and irreplaceable parts of our lifelong education and they complete each other, it would be rigid to say that anyone of them deserves more money than the other.
其实，审题仅仅是写作考试的第一步，在这之后还有构思、寻找素材、语言表达等一系列步骤。在以后的文章中，笔者将会对这些内容进行详细的论述，告诉大家如何写出符合满分要求又achievable的文章。最后，附上笔者所作范文一篇(例2)，供大家参考。
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
Colleges and universities are the very places where students prepare themselves for the competitive job market. They take specialized courses, participate in internships and also attend club activities. Although universities and colleges have done much for their students’ graduation, there is still more they can do.
Many students today complain that their specialized courses cannot satisfy their need for practical skills and knowledge for specific careers. The enrollment of colleges and universities in my country has been increased considerably over the past decades, but the quality and the numbers of teachers and professors did not improve that much. Many newly graduated students without any field experience joined faculties due to the lack of teachers, and students find it hard to learn anything more than what their text books contain from these inexperienced teachers. Colleges and universities really should spend more money on hiring experienced and qualified teachers to teach specialized courses, providing students with what they really desire.
Internships and club activities provide students with chances to practice their social skills, but internships are usually too short and club activities are not always available to all students. My sister is now a junior in university and she only had a two months’ internship during her summer vacation. She complained that since the internship was too short, the company did not take it seriously and she was required to do nothing but buying coffee or ordering meals on the phone and she seldom had chances to communicate with colleagues or clients. Club activities are only available to active students who attend “active clubs” like Student Union, and members of other clubs seldom have opportunities to organized activities due to their shortage of money, resources, and even authorization. Universities and colleges should allow students more time for internships and pay equal attention to all clubs instead of supporting the “active clubs” exclusively.
University students today have already known much more about what life is like after graduation, but they are still not fully prepared. Measures that I mentioned above should be taken if colleges and universities aim to have them ready for the fierce competition ahead.
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