托福阅读TPO28(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:EarlySaharanPastoralists
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托福阅读原文
【1】The Sahara is a highly diverse, albeit dry, region that has undergone major climatic changes since 10,000 B.C. As recently as 6,000 B.C. the southern frontier of the desert was far to the north of where it is now, while semiarid grassland and shallow freshwater lakes covered much of what are now arid plains. This was a landscape where antelope of all kinds abounded—along with Bos primigenius, a kind of oxen that has become extinct. The areas that are now desert were, like all arid regions, very susceptible to cycles of higher and lower levels of rainfall, resulting in major, sudden changes in distributions of plants and animals. The people who hunted the sparse desert animals responded to drought by managing the wild resources they hunted and gathered, especially wild oxen, which had to have regular water supplies to survive.
【2】Even before the drought, the Sahara was never well watered. Both humans and animals were constantly on the move, in search of food and reliable water supplies. Under these circumstances, archaeologist Andrew Smith believes, the small herds of Bos primigenius in the desert became smaller, more closely knit breeding units as the drought took hold. The beasts were more disciplined, so that it was easier for hunters to predict their habits, and capture animals at will. At the same time, both cattle and humans were more confined in their movements, staying much closer to permanent water supplies for long periods of time. As a result, cattle and humans came into close association.
【3】Smith believes that the hunters were well aware of the more disciplined ways in which their prey behaved. Instead of following the cattle on their annual migrations, the hunters began to prevent the herd from moving from one spot to another. At first, they controlled the movement of the herd while ensuring continuance of their meat diet. But soon they also gained genetic control of the animals, which led to rapid physical changes in the herd. South African farmers who maintain herds of wild eland (large African antelopes with short, twisted horns) report that the offspring soon diminish in size, unless wild bulls are introduced constantly from outside. The same effects of inbreeding may have occurred in controlled cattle populations, with some additional, and perhaps unrecognized, advantages. The newly domesticated animals behaved better, were easier to control, and may have enjoyed a higher birth rate, which in turn yielded greater milk supplies. We know from rock paintings deep in the Sahara that the herders were soon selecting breeding animals to produce offspring with different horn shapes and hide colors.
【4】It is still unclear whether domesticated cattle were tamed independently in northern Africa or introduced to the continent from southwest Asia. Whatever the source of the original tamed herds might have been, it seems entirely likely that much the same process of juxtaposition (living side by side) and control occurred in both southwest Asia and northern Africa, and even in Europe, among peoples who had an intimate knowledge of the behavior of wild cattle. The experiments with domestication probably occurred in many places, as people living in ever-drier environments cast around for more predictable food supplies.
【5】The cattle herders had only a few possessions: unsophisticated pots and polished adzes. They also hunted with bow and arrow. The Saharan people left a remarkable record of their lives painted on the walls of caves deep in the desert. Their artistic endeavors have been preserved in paintings of wild animals, cattle, goats, humans, and scenes of daily life that extend back perhaps to 5,000 B.C.. The widespread distribution of pastoral sites of this period suggests that the Saharans ranged their herds over widely separated summer and winter grazing grounds.
【6】About 3,500 B.C., climatic conditions again deteriorated. The Sahara slowly became drier and lakes vanished. On the other hand, rainfall increased in the interior of western Africa, and the northern limit of the tsetse fly, an insect fatal to cattle, moved south. So the herders shifted south, following the major river systems into savanna regions. By this time, the Saharan people were probably using domestic crops, experimenting with such summer rainfall crops as sorghum and millet as they move out of areas where they could grow wheat, barley, and other Mediterranean crops.
[Glossary]
adzes: cutting tools with blades set at right angles to the handle.
托福阅读试题
1.According to paragraph 1, what was true of the Sahara region around 6,000 B.C.?
A.Much less of it was desert than is now the case.
B.Most areas that are now grassland were covered by shallow lakes.
C.It had just undergone a major climatic change.
D.Wild oxen and antelopes lived in separate parts of the region.
2.The word "albeit" in the passage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to
A.usually.
B.almost.
C.though.
D.rather.
3.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of all arid regions?
A.They include at least some freshwater lakes.
B.They have similar distributions of plants and animals.
C.They are greatly affected by changes in the amount of rain they receive.
D.They have frequent droughts that make it difficult to manage the wild resources.
4.Paragraph 2 supports which of the following ideas about wild oxen in the Sahara region after the drought took hold?
A.They traveled in smaller herds.
B.They were harder for hunters to capture.
C.They tended to be significantly smaller in size.
D.They moved along less predictable routes.
5.According to paragraph 2, what was it that brought cattle and humans into close association?
A.The development of smaller breeding units within hers.
B.Cattle and humans staying close to permanent water supplies for long period of time.
C.The development of greater discipline among cattle.
D.Cattle and humans constangly on the move searching for food and reliable water supplies.
6.Why does the author mention the "rock paintings deep in the Sahara"?
A.To help explain why the hunters wanted to control the herds.
B.To provide support for the idea that the herders soon gained genetic control of the cattle
C.To show that the herders had artistic as well as practical abilities
D.To argue that the herders soon began to value their cattle for more than food.
7.According to paragraph 3, all of the following statements were true of newly domesticated animals EXCEPT
A.They were controlled more easily by the farmers.
B.They produced a larger number of offspring.
C.They produce more milk.
D.They were larger in size.
8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 4 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Regardless of where the first tamed herds came from, people tried to control them by living in juxtaposition with them.
B.Regardless of where the first tamed herds came from, they resulted from the same process of juxtaposition and control by people who understood the behavior of wild cattle.
C.People who had an intimate knowledge of the behavior of wild cattle moved closer together to cooperate in taming the herd, regardless of where they found them.
D.The process of taming herds was certainly the same in southwest Asia, northern Africa, and Europe because people knew a lot about the behavior of wild cattle, regardless of where they lived.
9.According to paragraph 5, each of the following was true about the early Saharan people EXCEPT
A.They had few possessions apart from cattle.
B.After about 5,000 B.C., they lived primarily in caves that were located deep in the desert.
C.Between the summer and winter seasons, they moved their herds over long distances.
D.They painted animals and scenes of daily life on the walls of caves.
10.The word "endeavors" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.methods.
B.styles.
C.scenes.
D.efforts.
11.The word "deteriorated" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.became unstable.
B.caused hardship.
C.changed completely.
D.got worse.
12.According to paragraph 6, what allowed the herders to shift south into the savanna regions after about 3,500 B.C.?
A.They could easily grow Mediterranean crops in those regions.
B.They could more easily domesticated sorghum and millet in those regions.
C.The tsetse fly was no longer a problem in those regions.
D.The river systems in those regions provided reliable sources of water in the summer.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This knowledge enabled the hunters to adopt a different approach to hunting.
Smith believes that the hunters were well aware of the more disciplined ways in which their prey behaved. ■【A】Instead of following the cattle on their annual migrations, the hunters began to prevent the herd from moving from one spot to another. ■【B】At first, they controlled the movement of the herd whileensuring continuance of their meat diet. ■【C】But soon they also gained genetic control of the animals, which led to rapid physical changes in the herd. ■【D】South African farmers who maintain herds of wild eland (large African antelopes withshort, twisted horns) report that the offspring soon diminish in size, unless wild bulls are introduced constantly from outside. The same effects of inbreeding may have occurred in controlled cattle populations, with some additional, and perhaps unrecognized, advantages. The newly domesticated animals behaved better, were easier to control, and may have enjoyed a higher birth rate, which in turn yielded greater milk supplies. We know from rock paintings deepin the Sahara that the herders were soon selecting breeding animals to produce offspring with different horn shapes and hide colors.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
As recently as 6,000 B.C., much ofthe Sahara region was semiarid grassland where humans hunted wild oxen andantelope.
A.There was enough freshwater for Saharan peoples to move freely throughout the region without having to manage the resources they hunted and gathered.
B.Once Saharans controlled the breeding of their cattle, the characteristics of the cattle changed rapidly, increasing their reproductive rate and milk production.
C.Although the Saharan peoples were remarkably sophisticated artists, they had only a few simple possessions, like adzes and the bows and arrows they used for hunting.
D.When the drying climate forced cattle and humans close to each other in areas with water supplies, humans gained control over the cattle and eventually domesticated them.
E.Herders soon began selecting breeding animals to produce offspring with different horn shapes and hide colors, although the advantage of controlled inbreeding were not apparent to them at first.
F.As the drought worsened around 3,500 B.C. and conditions for herders became more favorable to the south, the Saharan people moved into savanna regions, where they grew different crops.
托福阅读答案
1.原文写到"在公元前六千年左右，在沙漠的南边界，远离北边的地方现在是干旱的平原，当时这里是各种羚羊和原始牛都很丰富的山水画般的地方"那么也就是说那时候那个地方还不是沙漠。所以A，当时沙漠要比现在少，正确。B现在没grassland。C并没说这个改变是在公元前6000年发生的。D通过"along with"可以知道这两种动物是生活在一起的。
2.通过原文albeit前后两个词可以推出转折意义，前面是多样性的，后面是干燥的，两者有褒贬对比，所以选C
3.根据all arid region定位(红色标出句)选项A错误，原文没说。B，原文虽然提到了distribution of plants，但是并没说所有的干燥地区这一点都是相似的。C正确，原文说very susceptible to higher and lower levels of rainfall。D错误，最后一句说人们因此而开始manage resources。
4.对应文章地三句，第四句。根据原文说这种牛群体更小了，繁殖的单位更小，别驯化了，跟容易被预测。所以B，D错误，C原文没提到，只说其群体变小。也就是A。
5.根据close association定位到最后一句，但这句说as a result，那么原因就在前面一句。前一句说cattle human都staying much closer to permanent water supplies。所以完美的对应了B。
6.这个例子之前一直在说herders gained genetic control和其影响。然后给出这个例子，后面的内容也在说放牧人是怎样进行基因控制的。所以应该选B。
7.根据domesticated animals 定位到这一段后半部分，已用红色字标出，加粗字体为domesticated animals的描述。D没提到。所以选D。
8.这里的主干内容是，不管驯化动物从哪起源的，最后在不同的地区得到的都是同样的方法：juxtaposition，control。根据以上信息对选项进行排除。
A：前半句没问题。后半句和原文关系不符
B：正确，包括了所有主干部分。
C：完全和原文说的不是一回事儿啊。
D：原文并没有因果关系。
9.A对应第一句，除了牛，他们还有住所和斧头。C对应最后一句。D对应第三句。B，原文虽然说到他们在沙漠深处的洞穴里画画了，但是没说他们住那。所以不对，选B。
10.Endeavor是努力，尽力的意思。A是方法;B风格;C景象;D努力。所以D最贴切。从文章可以推测。之前在描述他们的生活场景，财产，打猎。然后说他们画画。这里问的是记录了什么，那么应该是他们之前做出的努力。别的单词带入后都解释不通。
11.通过这个词后面的一句话对撒哈拉的描写可以看出都是负面发展。更干燥，湖也消失了。A是不稳定，B是困苦，C是完全改变。
12.根据move south和savanna region定位到原文字体标注处，这句话开头出现So，那证明往前一句就是原因。前一句说西部降水变多了，并且northern limit of the tsetse fly moved south，所以牛群也move south。对应了C选项。D可能是个迷惑选项，但是按原文的意思，river只是牛迁徙的路径"following"，但并不是原因。
13.需要插入的句子说"这个知识使得猎人改变了打猎的方法"。那么前面应该说猎人得到了什么知识，后面应该说这个方法怎么改变了。A选项完美符合了这个逻辑和内容。
提供者：请选择
14.A错误，原文说因为干旱，所以农民开始manage the resources。对应原文第一段最后一句。B错误，原文说因为干旱，所以农民开始manage the resources。对应原文第一段最后一句。C正确。对应原文第三段。D前半句正确，但后半句不对，在他们选中种畜之后，已经明确的知道了好处。E虽然这句内容文章都有提到，但是并没有although这样的逻辑变化。所以不选。F正确。对应文章最后一段。
托福阅读译文
【1】尽管干旱，撒哈拉的物种极其多样，并自公元前10,000年前开始已经历了数次重大气候变迁。直到公元前6,000年前，沙漠的南部边界比现在的位置要靠北很多，那时半干旱的草原和浅淡水湖泊覆盖了现在干旱的平原。这里曾经是各种羚羊和一种已灭绝的野牛出没的地方。现在的沙漠地区，像所有干旱地区一样，对降雨量的变化周期极为敏感，因而其动植物的分布变化巨大且迅速。依靠捕食稀少的沙漠动物的居民对待干旱的方式是管理他们捕捉和收集到的野生资源，尤其是需要可靠水源维持生命的野牛。
【2】甚至在干旱之前，撒哈拉地区也从未有充足的水分。人类和野生动物都不停的迁徙，以寻找食物和可靠的水源。在这些情况下，考古学家Andrew Smith 认为随着干旱的持续，沙漠中野牛群会变成更小，组织更紧密的族群。兽群变得更加自律，因此猎人更容易预测他们的习性并随意抓捕。同时，骆驼和人类的行动范围进一步靠近，在固定水源附近长期更亲近的共处。结果骆驼和人类形成了紧密的联合。
【3】Smith相信猎人对猎物更加自律的行为了然于胸。猎人们不再跟随骆驼进行每年一度的迁徙而是开始阻止兽群的迁移。起初他们控制兽群的迁移以获得持续的肉食来源。但很快他们能够在遗传上控制动物，使得兽群的体征迅速变化。南非牧养大羚羊(一种体型较大的非洲羚羊，它们的角短且扭曲)的农民说如果不持续从野外引进公羚羊则其后代体型迅速变小。近亲繁殖的影响同样发生在控制拥有某些额外的可能并未认清的优势的骆驼数量上。最新驯化的动物更易控制，出生率也更高，而反过来也会提供更多奶源。我们从撒哈拉腹地的岩石绘画可知牧民很快就选择一些动物进行繁殖以产生角和颜色不同的后代。
【4】我们仍无法知道骆驼是在北非独立驯化的还是从东南亚引入的。不管驯化的兽群起源何处，东南亚和北非，甚至是欧洲的那些对野生骆驼的行为了然于胸的人们都可能经过了同样的和他们要驯化的动物毗邻而居并逐渐控制它们的过程。随着人们居住环境不断干燥和食物供给的可预测性更强，驯化的尝试很可能发生在很多地方。
【5】骆驼牧养人的财产很少：一些并不精致的罐子和磨光的斧子。他们也利用弓箭捕猎。撒哈拉人在撒哈拉腹地洞穴的墙壁上留下了很重要的关于他们生活的记录。他们的艺术创作保存了大量关于野生动物、骆驼、山羊、人类及其日常生活的各种场景的绘画。这些场景可能追溯到公元前5,000年前。这一时期田园画古迹的广泛分布表明撒哈拉人曾在广泛且独立的牧场上放牧。
【6】大约公元前3,500年前，气候条件又一次恶化。撒哈拉沙漠渐渐地更加干旱，湖泊相继干涸。另外西非内陆降雨增加，并且舌蝇，一种对骆驼致命的昆虫，的种群的北部边界向南移动。所以骆驼牧民也追随大平原区域的主要河流系统向南迁徙。此时，随着撒哈拉人从原本可以种植小麦、大麦和其它一些地中海农作物的区域中迁出，他们可能依靠当地的农作物，例如像高粱和小米一类的依靠夏季降雨的作物。
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