托福写作段落衔接常用方法
托福考试分为四个部分,这是我们众所周知的,托福写作是考查考生综合能力,为了帮助托福考生更好的备考托福写作,接下来小编来介绍一下托福写作段落衔接的常用方法,托福考生看过来!
托福写作段落衔接常用方法
1引用例子
托福写作辅导提到对于一个观点的提出,往往后面会跟着例子进行进一步的解释说明,那么如何引出接下来的例子或者数据呢?主要的几个短语词组有:regarding / as whether to / as regard / in respect of / with respect to / in terms of等,前三个词组后面是跟句子,而后三个词组后面加的是词组或者名词短语,这点要注意区分。考生们可以用这些词汇来承接观点和例子,使得文章更为连贯和流畅。不过要注意不要使用about,这不是书面用语。
对于举例子一般分为这几类:
例子比较具体,考生可以使用namely,to be more specific/more specifically等,引出一个比较详细的事例。
引用名人的著作或者话的时候,要注意reference,比如:A number of writers, notably Frank (1974) and Rostow (1967) refer to this issue…格式问题要引起重视。
如果是想要强调某个之前提到过的内容,或者是特定的某个内容的时候,可以用in particular/particularly。
同样的,不建议过多的使用for example / take...for example / such as等,比较口语化,不太formal。
2前呼后应
如果想要对之前的内容进行总结,呼应全文,那么考生就可以使用这些词汇:accordingly / therefore / consequently / as stated earlier in … / the aforementioned work / as stated above in (paragraph two)等。
3句子中的承接
往往,托福考试写作中句子与句子之间的衔接是最容易掌握的,可以使用一些表示因果、转折、并列等关系的连词将其连接。常见的就有so,nevertheless,besides this,furthermore等等。不过还是要少用as for/as to/besides这些比较口语化的词汇。再者,such,this也是很好的承接词,比如In such situation,In this cases等。
4数字关系
这点在小作文里面使用的比较多,比如描述A和B的数据,可以使用respectively或者separately,描述时间顺序可以用chronologically等等。
托福独立写作中的常见审题误区有哪些
审题,是写作的第一步,却经常被大家所忽略。有太多考生只着眼于如何写出漂亮的句子和高级的词汇,而没有搞清写作的本质--考察学生针对某一话题进行准确连贯表述的能力。这也是为什么很多同学虽然英语不弱,在托福考试的独立部分中却只能拿到 fai r或 good 当中较低的4分。那么到底怎样才能更加容易地拿到独立写作的满分呢? 笔者今天将通过列举以往考过的真题进行解析,告诉大家如何审题,换句话说,如何使高分变得更加achievable。
同学们考写作考了这么多年,大多数出题的形式都已烂熟于心,看到题目之后觉得熟悉于是兴冲冲提笔就写,其实,这种看似"熟练"的表象下藏着巨大的隐患--同学们很有可能因为看得太快而忽略某个决定题目意思的关键词。例如:
例1:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people's unhealthy eating habits.
看到这个题目,同学们立刻会开始想,有没有other reasons for unhealthy habits,想出三条如:1. People's tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets"; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever. 综上所述,advertising is not the only cause.
这个写法看起来非常完备,但其实犯了一个不起眼却严重的错误--题目不是要我们证明it is not the only cause,而是要我们去证明it is not the only main cause。多一个"main",意思是很不一样的。如果我们只需要证明it is not the only cause,那么找出other causes即可即例1中的写法。但是,如果我们要证明it is not the only main cause,就需要证明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes,这就需要在每一段中加上一些专门的说明。或者,更简单的办法是去证明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising与该段所论述的unhealthy eating habit无关的论述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the onlymain cause? 这样一来,就不用通过证明还有其他main cause来反驳了,事实上,证明某种cause是main cause还是挺有难度的,因此笔者推荐同学们用后一种方式进行论述。因此,文章还是disagree,而三段的主题句分别应该是:1、1. People's tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets", and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertising encourages them to do so.
例2:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
看到这个题目,很多同学会可能会这样写:Agree. 1. Students should take morespecializedcourses(专业课)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接着开始论述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性); 2.Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接着开始论述,如果没有实过习,在工作的时候是多么地feel so unprepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接着开始论述good social skills对职业和生活的帮助).如果不看括号里的内容,仅看主题句,这篇文章是没有任何问题的。然而,括号中的论述从严格意义上来讲,是不能支持"more"这个关键词的。举个简单的例子:"我们需要钱"和"我们需要更多钱"在证明的时候重点是不一样的。如果证明"我们需要钱",应该详细
阐述钱的"不可或缺性",比如生活、学习、教育都需要钱;但是如果证明"我们需要更多钱",重点则应该放在"钱不够"的论述上,证明在学习、生活、教育方面的预算都很紧张。同样地,上面的题目中仅仅证明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不够的,事实上,这些根本不需要证明,需要证明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此这篇文章应该是一篇"抱怨型"的文章,详细地去论述学校工作的不足。参考思路如下:Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills.
同学们在写文章的时候一定要注意,学术论文写作不是句型和辞藻的堆砌,整篇文章一定是一个well-organized system,这个system中很重要的原则之二就是--
1、每个中间段的topic sentence是用来支持main idea的;
2、topic sentence后面的每句话都是用来支持该topic sentence的。在上面的两个例子中,大家会发现例1的错误主要是main idea没有很好地被topic sentence支持;而例2的错误在于topic sentence虽然看起来是支持main idea的,但是论述的内容可能跟关键词"more"无关,从而不能有力地支持topic sentences。这些错误的起因,则是对题干中关键词的忽略。
托福综合写作四点建议
一、阅读:寻找核心句和关键词,切忌word by word
英美人写文章的总体逻辑可以概括为总分或总分总。而托福综合写作的阅读材料多为前者布局,且多为四段式(首段总起,三段分别展开)。
首段主要用来提供背景信息或者提出话题,(注意:阅读和听力是同一个话题,极少考到观点相互补,多为观点相对立。)而作者的立场或论点多位于首段的最后一句,聪明的考生会把注意力多集中于首段的尾句,确定作者的立论点,从而对于下一阶段的听力大致话题和论述做到心中有底。
随后的段落即展开给出作者之所以立论的三个分论点或论据,在单个的段落当中,又遵循了西方人惯有的总分模式,单个段落的首句多为topic sentence,考生可以只关注三个段落的首句以快速获取段落主要内容,从而避免全文通读速度不够而导致的来不及看完阅读。
二、听力:判断说话人立场,记录观点和支持性论据
听力环节的笔记很重要,是决定综合写作能否顺利完成的关键因素。没有经过训练或者疏于练习的同学会对于该记什么无从下手,结果就是笔记做了,自己看不懂,或者笔记太过凌乱,毫无可利用性。
要知道听力该记什么怎么记,此时应当牢记心里的仍然是西方人的逻辑性。“总分”表明了在听力的开始段是表明说话者立场和论点的,那么按照我们之前分析的,阅读和听力必然是同主题,所以听力开始时候大家不必忙着乱记一通,事实上,什么都不用写,镇定情绪,听清说话者的立场即可。
接着,和阅读中相似,说话者会从三个方面阐述支持自己的观点,很多情况下,这三点和阅读中的三点是刚好契合,一一对应的。但听力三方面的分论据往往是从阅读中无法推断的,所以分论点及论据是需要同学进行笔记的,应当记的是key words,切忌洋洋洒洒想记全一句话,最后自己也难以读懂。
三、想办法提高自己的记忆容量
各位考生不妨观察一下自己抄写英文句子的情况。大多数未经训练的第二语言学习者很可能都是每写下一个词就要回去重新读一次才能继续抄下去--有的时候甚至可能需要每写一个字母就要返回文本重看一眼才能继续。这说明此人的记忆容量只能容纳一个词(或者甚至连一个词都容纳不了)。记忆容量大的人理解文本更为容易,又因为能够理解所以记忆文本更加容易,进而又因为能够记得住而联系上下文更为轻松,而记忆容量过小的人基本上连看完一篇文章都非常吃力。不过,只要稍加训练,记忆容量就会扩充至足够用的地步。迅速将自己的英文记忆容量提高到“够用”的地步,最好的方法就是通过“跟读”、“朗读”训练平日积累。因为朗读可以非常有效而又迅速地提高文字理解能力。这很关键,记不住的最重要原因并非"记忆力差"--无论记忆力多好,都很难记住无法理解、无法关联的信息--听得懂才容易记得住。
最后是大家比较关心的模板问题。综合写作中,要将阅读和听力观点整合起来时,如果在准备阶段备有一套好用的模板,那么就是如虎添翼了。好的模板在课堂上就会发给同学,但是我们建议考生应当备有自己独一无二的模板,通过对同义换词,句型多变,做到集多个好模板于一身,又毫无雷同的独家模板。
托福写作之关于幸福感的作文题解析
大家都知道,托福写作考试中独立作文题目有许多都是非常抽象的话题,如:幸福感(happiness),成功(success),金钱(money),社会地位(social status),公共认同(public recognition),乐观精神(optimism),计划和整理(plan and organize),创新(creativity),充满野心的梦想和实际的目标(ambitious dreams and realistic goals),美丽的事物(beautiful things)等等。很多考生遇到此类话题就没有了头绪,因为对他们来说这些东西非常抽象,看不见,摸不着,只是一个概念,因此文章就不知道如何下手,也不知道如何确立观点,并且很想知道考官是不是有偏向性的观点。下面给大家分析一下对于抽象类话题如何有效的去破解。
关于幸福感(happiness)的话题
1) Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? People who do not have to work because they have enough money arebarely happy.(抽象类,快乐与钱) 2007.11.3
因为有很多钱所以不用工作的人们,很少有开心的。
2) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People are happier when they finisha challenging or difficult job than when they complete an easy task.(抽象类,快乐与工作) 2008.1.18
人们完成了一项更加困难的工作比完成一项简单的任务更加开心。
3) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? To remain happy and optimistic whenyou fail is more important than achieving success.
(抽象类,成功的因素) 2009.3.21
当你失败时候保持开心和乐观比获得成功更加重要。
4) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People would be happier with fewerpossessions.(抽象类,快乐的因素) 2009.12.19
人们拥有越少越开心。
5) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order to makeourselves happy, weshould learn how to make others happy first.(抽象类,快乐的因素) 2010.3.27
为了让我们自己开心,得先学会让别人开心。
6) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The world ischanging quickly. People are less happy than before.(抽象类,快乐的因素) 2011.1.29
世界变化很快,人们没有以前开心了。
这6道题目前两道题目的开心是比较具体的,至少是放在某种情境下的开心,而后几题的开心就更加抽象了,所以要破题,我们首先得搞清楚什么叫做幸福感,老外是如何定义幸福感的(从维基百科上看看大神们是如何定义开心的)。
Psychologist Martin Seligman asserts that happiness is not solely derivedfrom external, momentary pleasures, and providesthe acronym PERMA to summarize Positive Psychology's correlational findings:humans seem happiest when they have
1. Pleasure (tasty food, warm baths, etc.)
People with enough money to make ends meet are happier than people who arepoor, but beyond that more money doesn’t make much difference.,
2. Engagement (or flow, the absorption of an enjoyed yet challenging activity),
3. Relationships (social ties have turned out to be extremely reliable indicator ofhappiness),
4. Meaning (a perceived quest or belonging to something bigger), and
5. Accomplishments (having realized tangible goals).
6. Giving (A Harvard Business School study found that "spending money on othersactually makes us happier than spending it on ourselves".
综上所述,我们会发现幸福感不仅仅来源于外在的快感,如好吃的食物,温暖的淋浴,更多的来源于具有挑战性的活动,社交生活或者人际关系,有意义的生活,以及获得成功之后的成就感,从这几点看我们很快会判断出刚才几个题目老外的倾向性,如第一题,第二题。第五题:因为有很多钱所以不用工作的人们,很少有开心的,或是人们完成了一项更加困难的工作比完成一项简单的任务更加开心。的确是这样,因为幸福感除了衣食住行的质量可能和金钱有关,其他关系都不大,也就是有了很多钱,人们也不一定开心,而相反,做一件具有挑战性的工作却能带来幸福感,并且在工作的过程中形成相对稳定的人际关系,以及在工作中获得的成就感和社会归属感与幸福关系更加密切,并且是直接导致一个人开不开心的因素,所以这几道题目都偏向于同意会好写很多,并且更加符合常理。
而对于第三道题目,当你失败的时候保持乐观和开心更重要,这个老外又是如何解释的呢?先来看看这一段:
Failure is the big “F” word that everyone fears. It doesn’t have to be ascary concept, though. Ultimately, it depends on your attitude to failure. Ifyou see failure as not being perfect, you’re going to be permanently miserable.A more realistic idea of failure is not giving up. If you haven’t given up, youhaven’t failed. See failure as a learning curve, a trial and error process. Seefailure as your friend – it’s no big deal unless you allow it to be.
如果因为失败了你就失望沮丧失落,那么你就会放弃,而放弃了那么你就离成功越来越远了,而一个人人生中是不可能一直成功的,总有失败的时候,所以态度更加重要,失败了之后的不放弃,乐观和保持心情愉悦这才是比获得成功更重要的品质。
而对于第四个题目和第六题,同学们就更加难判断了,因为一般的常识好像是我们现在拥有的越多,会越开心,比如说房子,车子,女朋友,多多益善,但是为什么老外会出这样的题目呢?
我们来看两段背景段落:
According to a survey by the Simplicity Institute, an organization thatsurveyed 2,500 people across various countries who self-identified themselvesas living with fewer possessions, 87 percent of respondents indicated they werehappier now than when they owned more possessions.
This may sound contrary to everything we’ve been told growing up. But when we begin to consider the benefits of living with less(less debt, less stress, less cleaning), it begins to make sense why thesestatistics would hold true. Happiness is not found in owning as manypossessions as possible; it’s found living life consistent with your greatestpassions.
原来他们认为的是拥有的越多遇到的困难和压力越大(现在的问题越来越多),所以会有这样的想法,但是又考虑到幸福感的来源是更多挑战的工作,这个题目两面都成立,就看大家如何去辩论了。
记住关于幸福感的一些词汇:Gratitude, Serenity, Joy, Interest, Hope, Pride, Amusement,Inspiration, Awe, Love。
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