怎么摆脱托福口语结结巴巴
对英语不够熟练或者心情太紧张都会导致在托福口语中结结巴巴,那么你知道如何去避免这种情况的发生吗?下面小编给你支支招。
如何避免在托福口语考试中结结巴巴?
1. 创造环境,浸泡其中
如果有人问我:“学了这么多年英语,口语怎么不见提高呢?”我可以非常负责任地回答:“这事儿不怪你!”口语是人与人之间的交流方式,没人找你用英语聊天,你自然就得不到口语的锻炼,是不是?说得专业一点,英语口语不见提高的根源就是英语环境的缺失。英语母语人士的口语习得方式就是浸泡在英语环境中,而我们缺少的正式这样的英语环境。为了解决这个问题,我们只得自己创造英语环境,然后“浸泡”其中!如何创造英语环境?这里有三招。
招数一:充分利用外教课。上外教课时,你就敞开了说吧,咱可是交了学费的!千万别指望哪天在马路上遇到一个行色匆匆的外国人,上去搭讪说:“Can I practice English with you?”人家的回答基本如下:“Well, How much can you pay?”
招数二:跟室友设定English Time。在English Time时间内,大家只能用英语交谈。比如你们将午饭时间定为English Time,届时大家可以一起用英语聊聊食堂饭菜、社团活动、听过的讲座、当前的时事新闻等。开始的时候你可能会不适应,经常出现表达停滞的状况,甚至会产生放弃的念头,但是如果坚持下去,你的口语就会有意想不到的效果。
招数三:经常播放英文的经典电影、名人演讲、谈话节目,让英语才离你眼,便入你耳。我推荐大家多听影视对白或访谈。从各种对话中,我们会找到实用的口语表达素材;从精彩的对白中,我们能体会到英语母语人士的思维方式和幽默感。有很多同学可能想通过听英语新闻报道提高口语,个人觉得它对提高听力水平和积累词汇非常有帮助,但其语调与用词过于正式,不适合在生活中运用,因此对提高口语水平方面的帮助相对较小。
2.准确地道,方成正果
如何修炼才能使自己说一口准确地道的口语?其实这并非难事。这里同样有3个招数。
招数一:找外教或去培训机构的外教口语课堂,通过跟外教学习模仿外教的语音语调。
招数二:采用权威声像教材模仿、演练。《走遍美国》是一套完全值得信赖的教学影片,先看片段,按照角色背诵人物对白,模仿人物的动作语气甚至是表情,要模仿得很逼真才能过关。这种方法很有趣,完全可以从高中阶段的哑巴英语代言人顺利成长为像模像样的英语专业学生。
招数三:常逛英语博客或论坛,参与感兴趣的话题。你可以想象,大家在写博客或在论坛上发表见解的时候,一般语气较为轻松,不会使用过于正式的词汇。所以,你可以从中学习生活中常用的英语表达,用到口语中去。
3.只能模仿,切忌“创造”
大家在学习英语的过程中或多或少地进行过创造,这主要体现在以下两个方面。
第一,将汉语逐字翻译成英语。“Give you some color to see see”(给你点颜色看看)的“天才”表达确实弄晕过一大群老外;“One car come. One car go. Two car PENGPENG. One car die”的车祸现场笔录也着实让美国人领略了一把中国学生的“幽默”。但生活多数时候是严肃的,你得明白每种语言都有自己的规则,而且不同语言之间的差异极大。即便你把母语中的每一个字都准确地“翻译”成英语,老外也可能会不知所云。
第二,口语中大量使用书面表达。你也许学过《新概念英语》第三、四册。里面的很多句子都是经典句子,想着就激动,不用太可惜!但请慢着,口语中大量使用书面表达违背了英语母语人士的口语交际原则,因此这种做法也算某种程度的“创造”,需慎用。
如何避免上面所讲的两种“创造”?一方面,考生需多听英语母语人士如何用词和如何组织句子结构,听得多了,就能慢慢找到说英语的感觉。另一方面,在说英语时,我们不要用太复杂的句子结构, 多用短句来表情达意,可借鉴“KISS原则”,即keep it short and simple。例如,如果你想表达“你完成生物作业了吗”,应避免用“Have you completed compiling the material for the biology assignment?”这样的书面表达,而可以使用“Finished your biology assignment?”这样口语化的表达。
4.多记短语,事半功倍
认识一百个单词,你未必能说出一句准确的话;但如果会一个短语套话,你就可能会说出一百句准确的话。道理很简单,短语是英语母语人士长期使用的习惯搭配,是已经搭配好的表意框架,我们拿来直接用,即省力气,又避免了自己造错句的可能性,何乐而不为?下面举例说明。
例1:当你对一件事情的发生表示“怎么会这样”时,只需要掌握“How come + (subject + verb)”这个结构,如下所示。
How come you cannot make a decision? (你怎么能做不了决定?)
How come you always question me? (你怎么老质疑我?)
How come we never agree? (我们怎么永远达不成一致?)
例2:当你表示“如果什么情况发生,结果会怎样”时,只需掌握“What if + (subject + verb)”这个结构,如下所示。
What if someone sees me? (如果有人看见我怎么办?)
What if no one is home? (如果没人在家怎么办?)
What if it rains while we are camping? (我们露营时万一下雨了怎么办?)
5.习语累积,会听慎说
学习使用习语需要长期的积累。如果你能够自如使用习语必将大大增加你口语表达的生动性和地道程度。例如,下面几个使用了习语的句子就显得很地道而生动。
例1:I’ve never met John Franklin, but his name rings a bell。
解析:句中的ring a bell跟“门铃响”毫无关系,它的意思是“听起来耳熟”,以后咱们也能酷酷地跟人说:“The name Oslo rings a bell, but I can’t remember where it is。”
例2:She arrived at the reception dressed to kill。
解析:句中的dressed to kill可不是“被打扮得杀气腾腾”的意思,而是指 “穿着极为时尚出众以吸引眼球”。
不过,口语刚入门的同学应慎用习语。原因有二:其一,如果你的谈话对象不是英语母语人士,他/她可能听不懂,这就使沟通出现障碍;其二,如果谈话对象为英语母语人士,他会很惊喜,以为你英语水平与他相当,后果是他会使用更多的习语跟你交流,弄得你一头雾水。当然,等习语累积到一定程度时,你就可以想用就用,谁拦着跟谁急!
6.广泛阅读,吸收养分
如果你要想让自己的口语内容具有广度和深度,那就必须进行广泛阅读,从阅读中吸收养分。
有同学会有这样的疑问:文学作品可以帮助提高口语水平吗?回答是:“完全可以。”理由是,通过阅读文学作品,考生可以积累大量的习语。像《圣经》与莎士比亚作品中就含有大量的习语表达,比如由《圣经》而来的“eye for eye, tooth for tooth”(以眼还眼,以牙还牙)和“The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak”(心有余而力不足)便是来自于《圣经》;而习语“what’s done is done”(既往不咎)和“Truth will come to light”(真相将大白于天下)就来自于莎士比亚的喜剧作品《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)。
其实阅读杂文小品对提高口语水平也是有帮助的。杂文小品中富含养分,可以借鉴的东西很多,比如广泛的话题、严谨的逻辑和各类表达技巧(数据统计、举例说明、因果论证、比较对比等)。阅读就是力量,求知若渴的你请抓紧时间多阅读英文作品吧!
7.语音语调,清晰即可
英语有各种口音,大概可归纳为以下三类:
①英语母语人士的各类口音,如北美口音、英格兰口音、威尔士口音、澳大利亚口音等;
②以英语为官方语言的国家的口音,如印度口音、新加坡口音、南非口音等;
③以英语为第二语言的国家的口音,如中国口音、日本口音、俄罗斯口音等。追求地道的发音一直同是很多学所狂热追求的,要么想练成标准英伦腔,要么想表现正宗美国味。殊不知,口语的核心是“表达清晰、准确”。正所谓“华丽的外表可以有,但是内涵跟得上才是正道”。
影响中国学生托福口语的四种欠佳表现
表现一:对题型和解题技巧没有熟悉就匆忙上阵(考托福口语就像和敌人打仗,你不知道敌人怎么出招,你也就不知道你自己应该出什么招,这样,你打败仗就是必然的)。
建议:熟悉考试规则,掌握答题要点。
表现二:缺乏迅速组织好答案的能力。
原因1、考生在托福口语考试中面临时间紧、任务重的压力。托福口语的答案准备时间只有15-30秒,答题只有45/60秒,如果没有接受过正规的训练,考生在考场上必将不知所措、语无伦次。
原因2、要迅速呈现“完整的答案”,这也就要求考生的答案“浓缩精华”,没接受过“答案构思训练”,“浓缩精华”也是难以做到的。
建议1,独立部分:罗列出ETS常出现的热门话题,做好话题沉淀,并针对这些话题做出一分钟的回答。用考试的真实境况,选择一道题,准备1分钟后,用自己的语言表达观点和阐述原由,从而达到提高口头表达能力的目的。
建议2,综合部分:平时的教科书就是不错的教材,对每个章节在结尾处提出的问题给予口头回答;选读一篇长短适中的文章,提炼出纲领性的要点,在提炼要点的基础上锻炼用口头表述来进行总结;针对一些相同话题的阅读和听力材料进行有效练习。并针对这些材料做笔记和做以下准备:学会口头提炼和总结这些阅读和听力材料;在此基础上口头表述重要的信息,并解释其中相互之间的关联;针对阅读和听力材料中的观点进行阐述;对其中提出的某个问题,阐述一种解决问题的方案,并给出相对应的理由。
表现三:考场上表现得不够自信和大方。
原因1、缺乏口语练习,导致考生在答题时表现得不自信。
原因2、性格过于内敛,导致考生在答题时表现得不够张扬。场上表现得不够自信和大方不是形式上的问题,而是本质问题,因为这样一来考生答题的音量就会小,发音就会模糊,分数也就不可能高。
建议1、“信心来自实力。实力来自练习”。
建议2、不论你在平常的性格如何,在考场内答题时,你必须表现得开朗、自信、大方。
表现四:口语答案的语言缺乏表现力——英语语音不准确、语调无起伏、语言不流利、结结巴巴(虽说新托福口语主要考查交际、交流能力,但语音、语调和重音都会影响到成绩)。
建议1、了解语音语调方面的知识(适当了解,而不要花太多精力在这方面),提前发现并纠正自己的语音语调错误。
建议2、每天坚持大声、清晰、准确地朗读一段80-120字的英文段子。
建议3、平时创造英语学习的环境。功夫要从平时做起。有机会就通过录像机、录音机或光盘,有意识或无意识地跟听或跟说英语,也可以上网与北美人士交流。
针对中国人的性格和学习习惯,口语成绩的提高需要一个不断努力地过程,一个自我认可的过程。托福考试侧重于综合能力的考察,对口语的要求会越来越严格,广大考生一定要对口语的练习持之以恒,这样才能在考试时,发挥自己的水平。
6大原则让你的托福口语流利到底
1. 运用总分总的结构
Your listeners will understand your talk better if you organize what you say in a logical sequence or linear pattern. This means that you tell the listeners what you are going to talk about and then go through the points you want to make. The most common pattern of organization is outlined below:
Introductory statement
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Concluding statement
An example of this pattern is shown below:
Breeding butterflies has many advantages for the collector.
1. way of obtaining specimens
2. spares can be released into the wild
3. helps survival because butterflies have been protected from natural predators
The experience is a learning experience for the collector and a benefit to the species.
2. 运用连接词
Connecting ideas by using transition words and phrases tells your listeners the relationship of one idea to the next. You can signal to your listener that you are going to put events in a sequence, add information, or make a comparison. You can signal that you want to emphasize or clarify a point. Using transition words and phrases helps your listener follow the flow of your ideas. Read the following example without transitional expressions:
In my physics class, we did lots of experiments that helped clarify scientific principles. I understood those principles better by doing those experiments.
These sentences would flow better if the speaker used transitional expressions as in the following example:
In my physics class, we did lots of experiments that helped clarify scientific principles. As a result, I understood those principles better.
3. 解释或定义陌生概念
In order to help your listeners understand, you may need to define a term that you use in your response. Read the following example:
My hobby is telemark skiing.
If the speaker does not define the term and listeners do not know what telemark skiing is, they might not understand the rest of the passage. Sometimes listeners can guess the meaning through the context of the passage, but sometimes they cannot. Here is the definition this speaker gave of telemark skiing:
That means skiing using telemark skis.
Even though the speaker defined telemark skiing, listeners still may not understand what it means because the speaker defined the term with the same word. To effectively define a word, use a three-part definition:
1. State the word or phrase to be defined.
2. Give the category that the word or phrase fits into.
3. Tell how the word is different from other words that fit the same category.
Read this example of an effective definition:
Telemark is a type of alpine skiing in which the boots are connected to the skis only at
the toes, so traditional skiing techniques have to be modified.
4. 正确使用平行结构
Your listener can understand the flow of your ideas better if you use parallel structures when you speak. Read the following incorrect example:
My teacher gave interesting assignments and motivating the students.
The listener may be confused because the speaker has mixed different grammatical structures. Does the speaker mean My teacher gave interesting and motivating assignments to the students'? In this sentence, interesting and motivating are parallel adjectives. Or does the speaker mean My teacher gave interesting assignments and motivated the students? In this sentence, gave and motivated are parallel verbs.
5. 对关键词进行替换或同义转换
When a speaker keeps repeating a word or phrase, listeners can get confused. Read the following example:
My teacher wrote the assignment on the chalkboard. The assignment was on the chalkboard until the teacher erased the assignment after we had all done the assignment.
This speaker's ideas would be clearer if the repeated words were replaced with other expressions or with pronouns. Look at the way this example can be improved:
My teacher wrote the assignment on the chalkboard. She erased the board after we had all completed the task.
The word assignment has been replaced with task; the word teacher with she; and the word chalkboard with board.
6. 时态、人称和数量的统一
Your listener can get confused if you are not consistent. Look at the following example:
My teacher brought five paper bags to school one day. He put us into groups and gave each group a bag. You have to take the objects out of the bags in turn and then a person has to tell a story involving the object from the bag.
The listener may get confused by the change from the past tense to the present tense, and the change from us to you and then to a person. The listener might also be confused by the change from the plural form objects and bags to the singular forms object and bag.
The listener could follow this speaker's ideas better if the speaker were consistent. Look at the way this example can be improved:
One day my teacher put us into five different groups. He gave each group a bag and told us to take turns pulling out an object and telling the other members of the group a story involving that object.
以上就是增加托福口语流利程度的6个方法,口语的提高重在练习,要有一个英文环境对中国考生来说并不简单,那么我们就需要自己制造环境,多听英文歌,多看英文电影等等。
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