不定代词的用法
关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which的用法
(1) 关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which的用法
英语中的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,它们是用来引导定语从句的.关系代词既代表定语从句所修饰的词,又在其所引导的从句中承担一个成分,如主语、宾语、表语或定语.如：
A child whose parents are dead is an orphan.
失去父母的孩子是孤儿.(whose在从句中作定语,它的先行词是child)
He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.
他想要个窗户面临大海的房间.(whose在从句中作定语,它的先行词是room)
This is the man who saved your son.
这就是救了你儿子的那个人.(who在从句中作主语,先行词是man)
The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.
我昨天见到的那个人是吉姆.(whom在从句中作宾语,它的先行词是man)
[1] who,whom和whose
who和whom代表人,在从句中作主语时用who,作宾语时用whom,可省略.但若whom作介词宾语且介词放在其前时,不能省略;如介词位于句末时,可以省略.whose代表某人的,在从句中作定语.如：
The man who insists upon seeing with perfect clearness before he decides,never decides.
坚持看清楚一切后才做决定的人永远也做不了决定.(who作主语)
He is a man whom everybody respects.
他是一个人人都尊敬的人.(whom作宾语,可以省略)
He is a man fromwhom we all should learn.
他是我们大家都应该学习的人.(whom作介词宾语且介词位于其前,不能省略)
(此句也可以是：He is a man (whom) we should all learn from.)
The people whose houses were damaged will be compensated.
房子被损坏了的人将给予补偿.
Who,whom和whose可用于非限制性定语从句中,代表某人或某人的,此时不能用that.如：
My sister,who is a nurse,came home for a few days.
我姐姐回家住了几天,她是个护士.
[2] which
which代表物,在从句中可作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略,但作介词宾语且介词位于其前时不能省略.如：
The book which helps you most are those which make you think most.
最能使你获益的书是那些最能让你深思的书.(作主语)
This is a factor which we must not neglect.
这是一个我们绝不能忽略的因素.(作宾语,可省略)
Where is the book from which you quoted this sentence?
你引用这句话的那本书在哪儿?(作介词宾语且介词位于其前时,不能省略)
which可用于非限制性定语从句中,代表物.如：
The book,which I bought second-hand,is made of oak.
我买的这张书桌是用橡木做的,它是二手货.
[3] that
that可以代表事也可代表人,在从句中可以作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略,但不能用于非限制性定语从句中.代表人时who比that用的多些,代表物时that比which用的多些.如：
The letter that came this morning is from my mother.
今天早晨收到的那封信是我母亲寄来的.(that代表物,在从句中作主语)
Those students that failed the exam will have to take it again.
考试不及格的学生必须补考.(that代表人,在从句中作主语)
Have you forgotten about the money (that) I lent you last week?
你忘了上星期我借给你钱的事了吗?(that代表物,在从句中作宾语,可省略)
All the people (that) I invited have agreed to come.
所有我邀请了的人都同意来.(that代表人,在从句中作宾语,可省略)
The hotel (that) we stayed at was both cheap and comfortable.
我们住的那家旅馆既便宜又舒服.(that代表物,在从句中作介词宾语,可省略)
(2) 补充说明
下列情况下,定语从句的关系代词只能用that,不能用which或who
[1] 当先行词中有形容词的最高级时.如：
Shakespeare is the greatest poet that English has ever had.
莎士比亚是英国所拥有的最伟大的诗人.
Is this the best that you can do?你最多只能做到这样吗?
[2] 当先行词为代词all,anything,everything,little,much,nobody,nothing时.如：
Anyone that wants to succeed must work hard. 任何想要获得成功的人必须努力工作.
[3] 当先行词中有含有any,every,no,only,the first,the last,the same时.如：
You are the only person that can help me.你是唯一能帮助我的人.
Take the first chance that offers.抓住出现的第一个机会.
(3) 没有先行词的关系代词
如果关系代词引导的从句不是作定语修饰先行词而是充当句子成分,这种关系代词就没有先行词,它只起连接作用.这种关系代词有：what,whatever,whoever,whichever,wherever等.如：
What woke me up was a splashing noise.
把我吵醒的是一阵溅水的声音.(what从句作主语)
I don't know what good they could have done.
我不知道他们能起什么好作用.(what从句作宾语)
Whoever breaks the law is punished in the end.
违法者终将被惩罚.(whoever引导的从句作主语)
